England 英国的资料

.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.

The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.

The largest (takes up 60%of the whole island)

Most populous (makes up 85% of the country‘s whole population) The richest section

Economic & cultural center(p.2)

―We English people take this too much for granted, and tend to use the words ‗England‘ and ‗English‘ when we mean ‗Britain‘ and ‗British‘。This sometimes annoys the Scots and Welsh‖

England

源于文档Scotland (78,760 square kilometres)

a. Three zone:

① Highlands in the north: plateau;

② Central Lowlands: most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population;

③ Southern Uplands: moorland.

b. Ben Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.

c. Capital: Edinburgh.

5. Wales (20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole is land)

a. Most of Wales is Mountainous; b. 12% of the land is arable; c. Massif 断层;

d. Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales; e. Capital: Cardiff.

6. Northern Ireland (14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)

a. It has a rocky and wild northern coastline; b. Capital: Belfast.

Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, has a population of one and a half million. About 1/3 of them are Roman Catholics who are not glad to see the unification with Great Britain dominated by Protestantism. The Catholic extremists organized the Irish Republican Army to continue their struggle. The goal of IRA is to oust the English and unify N.I. with the Republic of Ireland. The guerrillas resort to terrorist campaigns of bombing murdering and arson. They even launched mortar attacks on London‘s H.A. their political wing is known as Sinn Fein. The bloody political and sectarian fighting in N.I. has promoted Brit. and N.I. to reach an agreement known as Downing Street Declaration which offers Sinn Fein a role in talks on the future of N.I.

What is IRA?

 Irish Republican Army (IRA)

源于维基Established in 1919 as an anti-British para-military organization. The goal of the IRA guerrillas is to drive the English out and unify Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland.IRA is a terrorist organization. They dedicated to the unification of all Ireland as a country by means of terrorism and violent.

.Climate

源于文档1. Maritime

a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot; b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year; c. Small range of temperature. 3. Rainfall

a. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The

average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;

b. Character: ① Water surplus in north and west; ② Water deficit in south and east.

c. Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands

―Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.‖

In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so



later black clouds have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about 8 or more centigrade. And then, in the afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer. 

Does Britain have a broadened cultural background?

Yes. Not only has Britain a broadened cultural background but also it has been trying to keep an excellent preservation over the historical background.

Are the British people Europeans?

This may seem a strange question to Africans and Asians, who tend to think of all white men as Europeans. but the British, when they are in Britain, do not regard themselves as Europeans. The Europeans, to them, are those rather excitable foreigners from the other side of the English Channel, who have never learnt how to speak English. Europe is ‗the Continent‘: a place full of interest for British tourists, but also the source of almost all the wars in which Britain has ever been involved. Thus, although geographically speaking Britain is a part of Europe, yet the fact that it is a separate island has made its people feel very, very insular. They feel, and in many ways are, different from the rest of Europe, and they sometimes annoy continental nations by failing to support them, or even to understand them, in time of need.

Where did the British people come from?

This is an extraordinarily interesting question, since they are a mixture of many different races, and all these races invaded Britain at various times from Europe.

.The Norman Conquest (1066)

1. Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of

Normandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men : King of Norway / Tostig Ⅼ→ Harold (king) → Duke of Normandy

( join together )

( fight )

( fight )

2. Process: ① 1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold was killed; ② 1066 Christmas, William crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York. 3. Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: ―harrying of the north‖.

4. Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known

event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with t he Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were ext ended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年 年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事

件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼代替了软弱的萨克逊。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼—法兰西文化、语言、行为规范和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分离。

What is the historical significance of the Great Charter?

The Great Charter was the first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. The Great Charter paved the way for the new-born bourgeoisie to get political power because it granted more power to the Great Council, which was the embryonic form of the English Parliament. The charter protected the rights of the erchant class. This facilitated the development of commerce and handicraft.

The Great Charter laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system. It raised the problem of protecting life, property, and preventing possible abuse of power of the government. It tried to establish a due process of law for trials of criminal and civil cases.

源于文档significant:magna carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation the powers of the king.

源于课件Magna Carta (the Great Charter----the first constitutional paper), which gave some of his powers to the nobles. (This was the embryonic form of the English Parliament). In later centuries this was seen as the first occasion on which the king was forced to take advice.

源于百度Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a ④ limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 尽管人们普遍认为《大宪章》为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书，保证了教会的自由，了国王权利。《大宪章》的精神实质就是把国王的权利在英国封建法律允许的范围之内

His theory has been known as laissez-faire capitalism because it denied the role of government in economic life.According to the argument included in THE WEALTH OF NATION, people are naturally selfish. They are eager to gain wealth and power. Their endeavors should not be interfered with because

people, though acting from selfish desire to enrich themselves, would be led by\" an invisible hand\" to enrich and improve all of society. Extensive cooperation among individuals is necessary for any society. And exchange is the best way to make people help each other. Both parties to an exchange can benefit and no exchange will take place unless both parties benefit so long as the cooperation (exchange) is strictly voluntary and free from outside interference.

\"Wealth of Nations\" is indeed an epoch-making masterpiece. It summarizes the classical political economy theory in the formative stages of achievement, it is the first systematic exposition of each of the major theories of political economy, which marks the arrival of the era of liberal capitalism.

A short history of early feudalism

1066----1087,William I (the Conqueror) 1087----1100, William II (Rufus) 1100----1135, Henry I

Twenty-year war between Matilda and her father, Stephen 11----1199, Henry II 1199----1216 King John 1216----

Henry III……Edward I

Edward II, Edward III, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI,

Ⅲ.ElizabethⅠ

1. Elizabeth and Parliament

① Work with Parliament (the Puritans in the House of Commons demanded further religious reform, but they still loyal to Queen).

② Turbulent for Parliament‘s ask: a. right of free speech; b. discussion at will; c. five personal questions (religion,marriage, foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and finance).

2. Elizabeth and religion

① Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of vie ws. She broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father ‘s independent Church of England. (keep to Catholic doctrines; free from the Papal contr ol)

② Conflict: a. Elizabeth – Protestant; b. Mary – Catholic. 3. Elizabeth‘s foreign policy

① France: friendly. ② Spain:

A. 1588 PhilipⅡ: a. want to bring England back to Catholicism; b. stop Engl and‘s aid to the Netherlands where Protestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.

B. Destruction of Spanish Armada: a. sho wed England‘s superiority as a naval po

wer; b. stop the attempt of Catholicism to recover the northern countries of Europe; c. enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing nation.

•1. How many tiers are there in English educational system?

2. What is the fundamental policy of English education?

3.For what reason does Britain also provide religious education and daily collective worship for all pupils?

4. How many types of secondary schools, and what are they?

5. Does Britain have a national test like China‘s ―high-entrance-examination? What is it for?

6. What is the elemental goal of British higher education?

1.Three tiers. They are primary, secondary and higher education.

2. the fundamental policy of Britain is 11 or 12 years free and compulsory education.

3.the purpose of religious education is to cultivate pupil‘s moral sense

4.there are three types of secondary schools. they are comprehensive secondary schools, independent schools and public schools.

5. yes, Britain has 2 sorts of national tests, sth. like China‘s ―senior-high-school-graduation examination‖ and ―high- entrance-examination‖. The former is called ―General Certificate of Secondary Education‖ (GCSE); the later is also called ―GCSE‖, but the ―examination papers ‖ are more difficult, which is prescribed for the students to apply for admission into a college or

university.

•6. the elemental goal of British higher education is to provide necessary training

for individuals wishing to enter professional careers, develop students‘ creativity and analytical skills, give them critical thinking and problem-solving skills

•Who were the natives of the English? No

Who named the Island ―Britain‖?celts-britons How many peoples or tribes invaded Britain? six Who set the feudal system in Britain? William Ⅰ

Who united the whole country as one nation? William Ⅰ

Who put out the language ―English‖ or ―old English‖? Germany English What kind of language system does English belong to? Germany English What type of nation is Britain? (again) a mix of many different races. invaders Contribution to the island Current state Iberians No longer in existence Celts-Gales Scottish﹠rish race and culture Descendants speaking Celtic English Celts-Britons Welsh race and culture, named the ‗Britain‘ descendants island speaking Celtic British Romans Latin and roman civilization Roman style buildings Germanic-angles English race Descendants are modern English people Germanic-Saxons Anglo-Saxon language old English Official language Germanic-Jutes Vestiges disappeared Danes Vestiges disappeared Normans Final unification of Britain , feudal Many French words system set-up many French words still used in daily life adopted into english America

1. Names: ① the United States of America; ② the United States; ③ the U.S; ④ America.

Three Basic Geographical Areas or surface Regions

1.The Atlantic Seacoast (also called: Eastern Coastal Plain) and the Appalachian(s) Mountains

2.the Mississippi River Valley/Basin and the Great Central Plain The Rockies to the Pacific Ocean/lower and gentler Coast Ranges.

River Vitality 0f Mississippi

The Mississippi River is vital to the people of the basin. Over 18 million people rely on the Mississippi for water supply. Communities up and down the Mississippi use

the river to discharge industrial and municipal wastes (as permitted by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). Commercial navigation on the Mississippi River allows Midwestern farmers to ship grains to world markets, with over 60 percent of U.S. grain exports shipped via the Mississippi. The river generates close to $2 million annually from commercial fishing and over $1 billion from Upper Mississippi River recreation alone.

A few major cities of US

Boston----one of the oldest cities of America; New York----the largest (seaport) city of America

Washington D.C. (District of Columbia)---- one of the neatest cities, situated on the traditional dividing line (Potomac River), as the capital of the United States; Detroit ----the auto-capital of the U.S;

San Francisco----the oldest city of the US (set up Spanish colonists) Los Angeles----the largest city of US in terms of area.

Who were the forefathers/ancestor of Americans?

The “first Americans” were the Indians . Native Americans in the United States, the indigenous peoples in the United States. the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America and their descendants

Who were the Pilgrim Fathers, and why they were given such a name? Pilgrim Fathers

In September, 1620, a group of 101 Puritans and some employees left Plymouth, Eng. And sailed for America in the ship named Mayflower.

They worked out a solemn agreement, known as Mayflower Compact.

They set up their first settlement which was called Plymouth, soon they built another, named Boston

源于百度Puritans/ Pilgrim Fathers jailed in Boston, Lincolnshire, England

In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.The Puritans（ 清教徒）,unlike the Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who were artisans and peasants,were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.The Puritans did not allow religious dissent.The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐“5月花号”船来到新，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：的代表形式，法制，对的尊重，宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。

源于维基Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers, is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. Their

leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th–17th century Holland in the Netherlands. Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony, established in 1620, became the second successful English settlement (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607) and later the oldest continuously inhabited English settlement in what was to become the United States of America. The Pilgrims' story of seeking religious freedom has become a central theme of the history and culture of the United States.

What are the main factors that have contributed to the fast development of American economy?

1.Sparsely-populated land, rich natural resources; (it produces half of the world‘s corn, ref. to p.220)

2.Continuous influx of immigrants have reduced the cost of labor;

3.Strongest power in the western hemisphere, (Mainland America) immunized from foreign aggression;

4. Foreign policy protected American industries against fierce competition from abroad.

What are the three branches of the Federal/Central Gov., and how each of them checks the other two in preventing abuse of power? The US Gov. consists of three branches: the Legislative (the Congress); the Executive (Administration); the Judicial (the Supreme Court)

源于文档② Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check the actions of t he other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. For example, Congress may pass a law, but the president can veto or cancel it. Then Congress may pass the law again with two -thirds vote and the president cannot veto it. But the law may still be cancelled if the Supreme Court decides that it goes against the Constitution.

Main Contents of the New Deal

1.Roosevelt‘s idea to struggle against the panic from the Great Depression: There is nothing to fear , the only thing we have to fear is fear itself 2.Financial approaches: 1)EBA

(1)suspend the link between gold and US dollar (2)devalue US dollar

2)The Truth in Securities Act 3.Employment approaches:

1)Abolition of Prohibition Law 2)WPA

(1)TVA ----flood control and power generation projects;

(2)CCC----tree planting, construction of roads, high-ways, parks 3)establishment of Minimum Rate of pay 4.Remedy for Farm overproduction:

1)AAA---Agricultural Adjustment Administration 2)AAA---Agricultural Adjustment Act Comment on the New Deal

源于课件Roosevelt‘s New Deal was an American type of social reforms which was based on the concept that the government was responsible for the healthy development of national economy and social security, and that the growth of production could b maintained only if the great body of the consumers could continue to purchase its output. New Deal increased government interference in the nation‘s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government.

The New peal used public fund ton finance a lot of government projects so as ‗‗to put people to work‖. It strengthened co-operation between government and farmers to make ‗‗a better use of the land‖ and raise ―the values of agricultural products and with it the power to purchase the output the cities‖

The New Deal also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. Benefits were small at first, but they have been increased.during the past years. It has produced far-reaching influence on America‘s social welfare-program

源于百度U.S. economic recovery, a significant decline in unemployment. Capitalist countries on macro-economic control and management has been strengthened. Powers of the federal government significantly enhanced. Capitalist system to be adjusted, consolidation and development. Boldly learn from the strengths of socialism, the reform of the method of saving the capitalist crisis, avoiding the fascists came to power. Deal has important significance in the history of the United States and the world capitalist development

US/America‘s Expansion 1.Original US of America 2.Purchase of Louisiana(1803) 3.1845-1848(Mexican War) 4.1867 Purchase of Alaska 5.18 US-Spanish War

6.By the turning-point of 20th century, Purchase of the right to dig Panama Canal 7.19-1900 ―Open Door‖ Doctrine imposed on China 源于文档Manifest Destiny.天定命运说

① the inevitability of the founding of theUnited States of America; ② the legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory;

③ the spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord‘s work

源于百度1，to meet the needs of capitalist economic development and farming

2， the purchase of Louisiana provoked U.S. government’s strong desire to expand 3, Manifest Destiny

4, the world had been carved up by the old imperial, and From the Mississippi River to the Pacific West Coast, they do not have vast areas of strong sovereign states exist,it is easy to expand. the North American colonies did not provide the western boundary, allowing america to westward expansion.

Indian reservation

源于维基An American Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. There are about 310 Indian reservations in the United States, meaning not all of the country's 550-plus recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations, while others have none. In addition, because of past land allotments, leading to some sales to non-Indians, some reservations are severely fragmented, with each piece of tribal, individual, and privately held land being a separate enclave. This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties[1]

American Dream

源于维基The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. \"life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement\" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth.[1]The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of Independence which proclaims that \"all men are created equal\" and that they are \"endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights\" including \"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\"[2]

源于文档

The most central function is the passage of laws.

Does America have any colonies?

No. American people strongly against Colonialism. America was a young country, and

the world had been carved up by the old imperial such as Britain and France, so the United States was no place inserted.