专业英语八级模拟试卷222(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级模拟试卷222 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITING

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)

SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.

听力原文： In this talk, I am going to give some advice on how to present a seminar paper. At one time, most university teaching took the form of giving formal lectures. Nowadays, many university teachers try to involve their students more actively in the learning process. One of the ways in which this is done is by conducting seminars. In a seminar, what usually happens is this. One student is chosen to give his ideas on a certain topic. These ideas are then discussed by the other students (the participants) in the seminar. What I’d like to discuss with you today is the techniques of presenting a paper at a seminar. As you know, there are two main stages involved in this. One is the preparation stage which involves researching and writing up a topic. The other stage is the presentation stage when you actually present the paper to your audience. It is this second stage that I am concerned with now. Let us therefore imagine that you have been asked to lead off a seminar discussion and that you have done all the necessary preparation. In other words you have done your research and you have written it up. How are you going to present it? There are two ways in which this can be done. The first method is to circulate copies of the paper in advance to all the participants. This gives them time to read it before the seminar, so that they can come already prepared with their own ideas about what you have written. The second method is where there is no time for previous circulation, or there is some other reason why the paper cannot be circulated. In that case, of course, the paper will have to read aloud to the group, who will probably make their own notes on it while they are listening. In this talk, I am going to concentrate on the first method, where the paper is circulated in advance, as this is the most efficient way of conducting a seminar; but most of what I am going to say also applies to the second method; and indeed may be useful to remember ally time you have to speak in public. You will probably be expected to introduce your paper even if it has been circulated beforehand. There are two good reasons for this. One is that the participants may have read the paper but forgotten some of the main points. The second reason is that some of the participants may not in fact have had time to read your paper, although they

may have glanced through it quickly. They will therefore not be in a position to comment on it, unless they get some idea of what it is all about. When you are introducing your paper, what you must not do is simply reading the whole paper aloud. This is because: Firstly, if the paper is a fairly long one, there may not be enough time for discussion. From your point of view, the discussion is the most important thing. It is very helpful for you if other people criticize your work: in that way you can improve it. Secondly, a lot of information can be understood when one is reading. It is not so easy to pick up detailed information when one is listening. In other words, there may be lack of comprehension or understanding. Thirdly, it can be very boring listening to something being read aloud. Anyway some of your audience may have read your paper carefully and will not thank you for having to go through all of it again. Therefore, what you must do is follow the following seven points: 1. Decide on a time limit for your talk. Tell your audience what it is. Stick to your time limit. This is very important. 2. Write out your spoken presentation in the way that you intend to say it. This means that you must do some of the work of writing the paper again, in a sense, You may think that this is a waste of time, but it isn’t. 3. Concentrate only on the main points. Ignore details. Hammer home the essence of your argument. If necessary, find ways of making your basic points so that your audience will be clear about what they are. 4. Try to make your spoken presentation lively and interesting. This doesn’t necessarily mean telling jokes and anecdotes. But if you can think of interesting or amusing examples to illustrate your argument, use them. 5. When you know exactly what you are going to say, reduce it to outline notes. Rehearse your talk again, this time from the outline notes. Make sure you can find your way easily from the outline notes to the full notes, in case you forget something. 6. Look at your audience while your are speaking. The technique to use is this. First read the appropriate parts of your notes silently (if you are using outline notes, this won’t take you long). Then look up at your audience and say what you have to say. Never speak while you are still reading. While you are looking at your audience, try to judge what they are thinking. Are they following you? You will never make contact with your audience if your eyes are fixed on the paper in front of you. 7. Make a strong ending. One good way of doing this is to repeat your main points briefly and invite questions or comments. Perhaps I can sum up by saying this, Remember that listening is very different from reading. Something that is going to he listened to has therefore got to he prepared in a different way from something that is intended to be read.

How to Present a Seminar Paper University students often attend many seminars for various subjects, therefore it is useful for them to know how to present a

seminar paper.Ⅰ.【1】Stage 【1】______. 1. research 2. write up【2】 【2】______.Ⅱ. Presentation Stage--Present the Paper to【3】 【3】______. 1. circulate copies of the paper【4】to all the participants 【4】______. 2. read aloud to the group 1) introduce your paper 2 reasons: -- the participants may have read the paper but forgotten some of【5】【5】______. -- some participants may not have time to read the paper 2) not simply read the【6】aloud 【6】______. 3 reasons: -- if the paper is long, there may not be enough time【7】【7】______. --

there may be lack of comprehension or understanding, when listening -- it can be very【8】listening to something being read aloud【8】______. 3) follow the 7 points of introducing your paper -- decide on【9】for your talk 【9】______. -- write out your spoken presentation -- concentrate on the main points -- make your spoken presentation【10】 【10】______. -- reduce what your are going to say to outline notes -- look at your audience while your are speaking -- make a strong ending

1． 【1】

正确答案：Preparation

2． 【2】

正确答案：a topic

3． 【3】

正确答案：Your Audience/the Participants

4． 【4】

正确答案：in advance/beforehand

5． 【5】

正确答案：the main points

6． 【6】

正确答案：whole paper

7． 【7】

正确答案：for discussion

8． 【8】

正确答案：boring

9． 【9】

正确答案：a time limit

10． 【10】

正确答案：lively and interesting

SECTION B INTERVIEWDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.

听力原文：M: Ms. Bertini, you were the executive director of the World Food Program for a decade from 1992 to 2002. Why do so many people go to bed hungry?W: Most people who go to bed hungry are so desperately poor that they cannot feed themselves. They can’t grow enough. They can’t buy enough, they can’t find food to feed their families. Hunger and poverty are interchangeable. If you are hungry you are poor. If you are poor you are usually hungry. There is a large population of people also who are hungry because they have been caught in the midst of a man-made or natural disaster, and numbers of those people unfortunately have increased in the last 12 years, and they are the people who receive the maximum amount of food and other support, but they are actually the minority of the 800 million people who go to bed hungry.W: Is there enough food for everyone?W: The world produces enough food for everyone. The issue is access. For those living in conflict or natural disaster, they do not have access to food. For those people who are desperately poor, they do not have access because they can not purchase or grow it.M: You have been credited during your tenure as the head of the United Nations World Food Program with taking the organization from that of development assistance to a humanitarian relief organization. Could you comment on what steps you took to make this transformation?W: WFP, which had been a bureaucratic organization directed toward helping people living in peaceful times with development aid, now had to become an agency that was fast, and very effective and would be quickly able to assess needs and resource food and move that food and then get it to the right people. So, we went through a whole process of first defining our mission, and then communicating with our donors, getting feedback from the potential beneficiaries and from those who represented them in their governments and then moving the food quickly, and the right kind of food in the right place.M: Faced with such enormous challenges such as Hurricane Mitch in Latin America, drought in the Horn of Africa, floods in Mozambique, acute hunger among refugees in Kosovo and civil war in Afghanistan, how does an organization like the World Food Program go about confronting such tragedies?W: The World Food Organization prides itself we did then and I know under the executive director, Jim Morris, they do now, with being able to quickly assess a need and get food to the beneficiaries.M: We’ve mentioned that nearly 80 percent of the 800 million people who go to bed hungry are women and children. What role can women play in channeling food to the most needy?W: Woman

are the food channelors for all people. When you think about any society in the developing world and you think about who cooks, the answer is the women. Woman in virtually every household are the cooks, and they are not only the cooks, they are the people who have to find the food, they grow it or they chop for it or they bargain for it or trade for it, or they stand in the aid line for it. Women are also the ones that go off and get the firewood, to get the water, sometimes walking hours and hours each day to bring water home for cooking, washing and so forth. The women are the ones totally invested in the family’s ability to eat and in vested in putting cooked food on the table for them to eat. So working with women, if our mission is to end hunger, working with women is the only option that we have in order to be effective.M: Looking ahead, what do you see as the greatest challenges in delivering food to people who need it?W: The greatest challenge is to help use food in an effort to help people be able to improve their own well-being over the long term. I say that because in the last ten years we have been more successful in raising the resources and delivering food to people caught in conflict or natural disaster. Now it’s been very challenging because we have had to get food through warring factions and lines. We’ve had to get food across Somalia, which is normally a desert and all of a sudden has a flood. We have to get food into drought stricken places in the Horn of Africa. That, although very challenging, has been what we have done pretty well. What we still need to do is to Convince people around the world who have the ability to influence their governments or influence other private sector entities to contribute more food and money to getting food to people who have no food because they are poor. And those people are the ones that are still most at risk around the world and the ones to whom we have to devote new energy.M: Thank you very much. Thank you for coming in and speaking with us.W: Thank you for having me. You’re welcome.

11． According to the news, most poor people cannot do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A．growing enough food. B．feeding their families. C．buying enough necessities. D．feeding their fowl.

正确答案：D

12． The reason for the 800 million people going to bed hungry is that ______. A．there is no enough food for everyone. B．they have no access to grow or buy food. C．they are lazy and don’t want to grow food. D．they are used to receiving others’ aid.

正确答案：B

13． Which of the following is NOT a task of WFP as a humanitarian relief organization?

A．Communicate with donors. B．Assess the beneficiaries’ needs. C．Get food to the right people. D．Contact regional authorities.

正确答案：D

14． According to Ms. Bertini, in the mission to end hunger, women play ______.

A．a decisive role. B．a minor role. C．an important role. D．no role at all.

正确答案：A

15． The greatest challenge in delivering food to people who need it is to ______.

A．raise the resources and delivering food to poor people. B．convince people to contribute more food and money. C．help people improve their well-being over the long term. D．devote more energy to those who are still most at risk.

正确答案：C

SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.

听力原文： The United States has recorded another huge monthly trade deficit. Figures for June show that import of goods exceeded export by more than 15,700 million dollars. This is nearly 2,000 million dollars more than the deficit in May due to an increase in import of oil and other goods. A BBC economics correspondent says the figures came as a shock since they have been compiled on the new basis which led everyone to expect they would seem far better. The deficit for the previous June was in fact slightly higher, but this was under the old system. The news immediately led to the dollar falling on the currency markets and our correspondent said that more seriously it would do nothing to curb the pressure within the American Congress for more protectionist legislation designed to keep foreign good out.

16． What caused the trade deficit?

A．An increase in export of oil.

B．An increase in import of oil and other goods. C．An increase in export of grain. D．An increase in import of grain.

正确答案：B

17． Why were people shocked at the figures?

A．Because the deficit for the previous June was much higher. B．Because they had expected the figures would seem far better. C．Because the figures have been compiled under the old system. D．Both A and

正确答案：B

18． The correspondent also said that

A．it had something to do with the pressure within the American Congress.

B．it would curb the pressure within the American Congress for more protectionist legislation.

C．it would influence the protectionist legislation designed to keep foreign goods out.

D．it would not control the pressure within the American Congress for more protectionist legislation designed to keep foreign goods out.

正确答案：D

听力原文： Officials in northern Brazil say a four-day riot at a notoriously violent prison has ended peacefully. More than a thousand inmates of the jail in the Amazonian state of Rondonia used their own relatives as hostages in a protest against the transfer of a gang leader and against poor living conditions. After 4 days inside one of Brazil’s most dangerous jails, all the hostages left unharmed; It seems the group, many of whom were children of inmates, were successfully and perhaps willingly used as a bargaining chip for the prisoners to get what they wanted. The inmates’ key demand was that the notorious convicted murderer Edinildo de Souza be allowed to complete his 30year sentence with them in the Urso Branco prison rather than anywhere else. Only once a handcuffed Mr. de Souza was returned to the jail were the hostages released.

19． Who was taken hostage in one of Brazil’s most dangerous jails? A．The prisoners’ relatives. B．The prisoners’ friends. C．The officials of the jail. D．The guards of the jail.

正确答案：A

20． According to the news, the incident happened mainly because of ______. A．the maltreatment of the inmates. B．the poor living conditions. C．the transfer of a gang leader. D．the sentence of a murderer.

正确答案：C

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, which means to know, to have knowledge of or to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science, it is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory and applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell, Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote: “We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist.” The “cultivators of science” before 1840 were known as “natural philosophers”. The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Society were typical “natural philosophers”. They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so they stated a technique of inquiry we know today as the “scientific method”. Briefly, these are the steps in the method. First comes the thought that sparks off the inquiry. (For. example, in 16, the physicist Henri Becquerel, in communications to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that he found that uranium salts emitted rays of unknown nature. His discovery excited Marie Curie. Along with her husband Pierre, she wanted to know more about this radiation. What was it exactly, and where did it come from?) Second comes the collecting of facts: the techniques of doing this will differ according to the problem to be solved. However it is based on experiments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earth satellite to gather essential data. (If you do not know the difficulties which the Curies encountered to gather their facts, as they investigated the mysterious uranium rays, I advise you to read the remarkable story in the book Madame Curie by her daughter Eve. ) This leads to step three: organising the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. (These rays were different from anything known. How can this be explained? Did this radiation come from the atom itself? It might well be that

other materials also emit radiation. Madame Curie investigated and found this was so. She invented the word radioactivity for this phenomenon. She followed this with further experimental work on only “active” radioelements. ) Step four is the statement of a hypothesis or theory: that is, framing a general truth that has emerged and that may be modified as new facts emerge. (In July 18, the Curies announced the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element endowed with powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium. ) Then follows the clearer statement of the theory. (In December 18, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: “The various reasons we have enumerated lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium. The new radioactive substance certainly contains a very strong proportion of bariums in spite of that its radioactivity is considerable. The radioactivity of radium therefore must be enormous. “) And the final step is the practical test of the theory--the prediction of new facts. This is essential because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature that are newly revealed. Note how Marie Curie used deductive reasoning in order to push on. “This kind of detective work is basic to the methodology of science. Further, she was concerned with probability and not certainty-in her investigations. Also, although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth. Their reports were published and immediately examined by scientists all over the world. Any flaws in their argument, would be pointed out to them immediately.

21． It is implied rather than clearly stated in the first paragraph that______. A．science is concerned about the natural world B．technology is the result of applied science C．a scientist is a cultivator of science

D．the scientific method is indispensable in the pursuit of science

正确答案：D

解析：A对应第一段第一句：Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world．B对应该段第三句：Technology is the fruit of applied science．C对应:We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general． I should be inclined to call him a scientist．两句。最后两句暗示在追求科学的过程中，科学探索是不可缺少的。

22． Which of the following is the most important in the steps in the scientific method?

A．Collecting and organising the facts. B．Stating a hypothesis. C．Testing the hypothesis, D．Publishing the theory.

正确答案：C 解析：第七段谈到进行科学研究的最后一个步骤是通过实践来检验理论，而且这个步骤是最重要的(This is essential)，因此应选C。

23． Which of the following questions might the Curies NOT ask in their investigations?

A．What was radiation exactly?

B．What materials might have radioactivity? C．How could man avoid powerful radioactivity? D．How strong is the radioactivity of radium?

正确答案：C 解析：此题可用排除法。在文章第二、第四、第六段Curies夫妇分别提到A、B、D中的问题，唯独没有提出人类如何避开强大的放射现象，因此选C。

24． What happened in scientific circles after the Curies had completed the final step?

A．Scientists used deductive reasoning to test their investigations, B．Scientists were concerned with probability in their investigations. C．Scientists read their reports and examined their investigations. D．Scientists were critical of their investigations.

正确答案：C 解析：倒数第二段谈到进行科学研究的最后一个步骤是检验理论。文章倒数第二句又谈到 Curies夫妇发表报告后，其报告立即被全世界的科举家检验，因此应选C。

For hundreds of years, farmers have selected and bred plants and animals to favour, or bring out, characteristics they desired.. For example, cows that produced large amounts of milk were selected for breeding, while poor milk producers were not allowed to reproduce. Similarly, horses were bred for speed and strength. Those having these desired characteristics were selected for breeding. Over time, these preferred breeds became more common than earlier, less desired types. This selective breeding is called artificial selection. The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred, but their names are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism by Which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it does. The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparing one cat or human being with another, the members of a species differ from one another; that is, there is variation among individuals of

the same species. Second, some of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited, but are caused by different environments. For instance, two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil.) Third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduce: many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as saplings, nestlings, or larvae. The logical conclusion from these three observations is that certain genetic characteristics of an organism will increase its chances of living to grow up and reproduce over the chances of organisms with other characteristics. To take an extreme example, if you have inherited a severe genetic disease of the liver, you have a much lower chance of living to grow up and reproduce than someone born without this disease. Inherited characteristics that improve an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be naturally selected from one generation to the next (that is, to cause evolution). It is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes make an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce. To summarize: 1. Individuals in a population vary in each generation. 2. Some of these variations are genetic. 3. More individuals are produced than live to grow up and reproduce. 4. Individuals with some genes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other genes. Conclusion: From the above four premises it follows that those genetic traits that make their owners more likely to grow up and reproduce will become increasingly common in the population from one generation to the next.

25． The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings______.

A．control the direction of artificial selection B．control the direction of natural selection C．make new genes in artificial selection D．make new genes in natural selection

正确答案：A

解析：根据natural和artificial两个词的意思以及第一段举的例子，我们可以推断出两者主要的差别在于人类有否干预。人类干预的即是人工选择，因此A为正确答案。

26． Which of the following statements is NOT true? A．Members of a species differ from one another. B．All differences between individuals are inherited.

C．Two organisms with identical genes may grow to different sizes. D．Not all of the organisms can live to reproduce.

正确答案：B

解析：参见第三段括号内的话：Other differences are not inherited，but are caused by different environments．也就是有些个体间的差异不受遗传影响，而是与不同的环境有关，因此B错误。

27． What would happen to inherited characteristics in the next generation in the process of natural selection?

A．Inherited characteristics that decrease an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be more common.

B．Inherited characteristics that increase an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be less common.

C．Inherited characteristics that increase an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will remain the same.

D．Inherited characteristics that decrease an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be less common.

正确答案：D 解析：第五段第一句的意思是：能提高一个生物生存和繁殖机会的遗传特征将在该生物的下一代更常见，而那些减少其繁殖机会的遗传特征则更少见。这与D的意思一致，因此选D。

“Winners” Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing, authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness and appreciates the uniqueness of others. A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesn’t pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions. While he can admire and respect other people, he is not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. A winner can be spontaneous. He does not have to respond in predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a zest for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, sex, and the world of nature. Without guilt, he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others. Although a winner can freely enjoy himself, he can also postpone enjoyment. He can discipline himself in the present to enhance his enjoyment in the future. He is not afraid to go after what he wants but does so in appropriate ways. He does not get his security by controlling others. He does not set himself up to lose. A winner cares about the world and its peoples. He is not isolated from the general problems of society. He is concerned, compassionate, and committed to improving the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international adversity, he does not see himself as totally powerless. He does what he can to make the world a better place. “Losers” Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence and then to interdependence. Losers do not. Somewhere along the line

they begin to avoid becoming self-responsible. As we have noted, few people are total winners or losers. Most of them are winners in some areas of their lives and losers in others. Their winning or losing is influenced by what happens to them in childhood. A lack of response to dependency needs, poor nutrition, brutality, unhappy relationships, disease, continuing disappointments, inadequate physical care, and traumatic events are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers. Such experiences interrupt, deter, or prevent the normal progress toward autonomy and self-actualization. To cope with negative experiences a child learns to manipulate himself and others. These manipulative techniques are hard to give up later in life and often become set patterns. A winner works to shed them. A loser hangs on to them. A loser represses his capacity to express spontaneously and appropriately his full range of possible behaviour. He may be unaware of other options for his life if the path he chooses goes nowhere. He is afraid to try new things. He maintains his own status quo. He is a repeater. He repeats not only his own mistakes but often those of his family and culture also. A loser has difficulty giving and receiving affection. He does not enter into intimate, honest, direct relationships with others. Instead, he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations and channels his energies into living up to their expectations. When a person wants to discover and change his “losing streak”, when he wants to become more like the winner he was born to be, he can use gestalt-type experiments and transactional analysis to make change happen. These are two new, exciting, psychological approaches to human problems. The first was given new life by Dr. Frederick Peris; the second was developed by Dr. Eric Berne. Gestalt therapy is not new. However, its current popularity has grown very rapidly since it Was given new impetus and direction by Dr. Frederick Peris. Gestalt is a German word for which there is no exact English equivalent; it means, roughly, the forming of an organised, meaningful whole. Peris perceives many personalities as lacking wholeness, as being fragmented. He claims people are often aware of only parts of themselves rather than of the whole self. For example, a woman may not know or want to admit that sometimes she acts like her mother; a man may not know or admit that sometimes he wants to cry like a baby. The aim of gestalt therapy is to help one to become whole-to help the person become aware of, admit to, reclaim, and integrate his fragmented parts. Integration helps a person make the transition from dependency to self-sufficiency; from authoritarian outer support to authentic inner support.

28． In the section of “Winners”, the authors’ objective is to______. A．convince the reader that winning is important B．describe the nature of winning and achieving C．state the characteristics of a winning person. D．explain how to be a winner

正确答案：C 解析：“Winners”一节共由五段组成。每一段的第一句都是该段的主题句。

作者在这一节详细描述了成功者所具备的五个特征：潜在能力、思考及辨别能力、应变能力、即可以及时享乐也能推迟享乐和关心世界及其大众。因此应选C。

29． Which of the following characterizes losers?

A．Losers tend to postpone enjoyment and not to discipline themselves. B．Losers tend to restrain their love and caring.

C．Losers tend to give up some of the techniques which they develop to cope with bad experiences.

D．Losers are so afraid to try new things that they often change their plans to suit the situation.

正确答案：B

解析：从上一题我们已得知推迟享乐是成功者的五个特征之一，所以A不正确。第三段最后一句“A loser hangs on to them”中的“hangs on to”与C中的give up意思相反，因此C也不正确。第四段第四句：He maintains his own status quo．意思是“他维持现状”，所以D不正确。第五段第一句：A loser has difficulty giving and receiving affection．与B意思相近。B是正确答案。

30． Changing one’s “losing streak” means______. A．doing transactional analysis B．becoming more like a winner

C．learning new psychological approaches D．getting rid of bad habits

正确答案：B

解析：倒数第四段第一句中：When a person wants to discover and change his“losing streak”和when he wants to become more like the winner he was born to be是并列关系的从句。从第二个从句可推断出change his“losing streak”的意思是“become more like the winner he was born to be”，即更像成功者，因此应选B。

31． The second section describes two psychological approaches______. A．that can help losers become winners B．that are particularly helpful for winners C．that can help one become all-rounded

D．that can help distinguish a winner from a loser

正确答案：A 解析：倒数第四段第一句指出，一个想从失败变为成功的人可以尝试盖式实验(gestalt-type experiments)和交流分析(transactional analysis)。反过来说，这两种心理方法可帮助失败者摆脱困境，走向成功，因此A为正确答案。

Given Shakespeare’s popularity as an actor and a playwright and his conspicuous financial success, it was not surprising that jealous rivals began to snipe

at his work. In later centuries, a common charge was that Shakespeare did not invent many of his plots but took his basic stories from well-known English history and old legends instead. It is quite true that these sources have been used by many English dramatists. But what Shakespeare did to the common facts is wholly remarkable: he invented new characters, transformed old ones, created a gallery of kings, maidens, courtiers, warriors and clowns of startling psychological depth. He rearranged familiar tales with an extraordinary gift for drama, comedy and fantasy. And over all this Work, so rich with soaring language and glistening poetry, he cast an unprecedented mood of grandeur and glory. Never had the theatre been showered with such lyricism and passion, such insight and profundity. But how could a man of so little education produce such masterful works? Did Shakespeare, in fact, write the plays? Through the centuries, some have suggested Francis Bacon was the “real” Shakespeare. But the mystery-author theorists conveniently ignore an indisputable fact: numerous contemporaries stated that William Shakespeare of Stratford and London was the author of all but a few plays in the present canon. Ben Jonson knew him well, as did theatre owners, and the actors who signed the validating foreword to the definitive First Folio (1623) edition of his work. That Shakespeare was not “educated” means only that he had not endured the dry curriculum of Oxford or Cambridge in those days. Shakespeare was, in fact, a wide reader with an inquisitive mind and a confidence in his own perceptions. John Deyden observed: “He was naturally learned” And Shakespeare certainly “read” tile nature of human behavionr-male and female, monarchs and jesters, peasants and buffoons. It was his imaginative range, his jewelled language, his skill as a storyteller-rather than his erudition-that made him the wonder of the world. In one revolutionary step, the dramatist from Avon broke away from the stereotyped morality plays that dominated the English stage. He preached no sermons; he offered no pious warnings; he treated good, evil, virtue and sin as would a psychologist, not a priest. His cool objectivity in rendering human passions has incurred the wrath of many a righteous soul, and even the great Samuel Johnson chastised Shakespeare for writing “without any moral purpose”. It was precisely this aspect of Shakespeare, this relentless analytic stance, embroidered with poetry of luminous beauty , that ushered in what can, without exaggeration, be called the modern theatre. Shakespeare destroyed the reigning, stultifying over-simplifications of Elizabethan drama. He dared to show heroes with flaws and doubts and unheroic impulses; heroines whose chastity was at war with their carnality; petty and fearful kings; queens who were monsters, and princes who were charlatans; villains overwhelmed by guilt or even tempted by virtue-in short, a parade of characters caught, as men and women truly are, in the conflict of emotions and the paradoxes of human dilemmas.

32． What distinguishes Shakespeare from the other English dramatists who also used well- known English history and old legends as sources?

A．His recreation of familiar tales.

B．His competence in foreign languages.

C．His own experience as an actor. D．His Roetic passion:

正确答案：A

解析：本文第二段谈到Shakespeare的与众不同之处在于：He rearranged familiar tales with an extraordinary gift for drama，．．．因此应该选A。

33． Who might testify that it was Shakespeare who wrote the plays? A．The mystery-author theorists. B．Francis Bacon. C．Theatre owners.

D．Theatregoers and the actors.

正确答案：C

解析：第三段提到一些人的质疑：Shakespeare戏剧是否真的出自他本人之手?该段最后一句，作者给出了肯定的答案：不仅Ben Jonson而且剧院老板和演员们都能证实的确是 Shakespeare写了这些剧本。因此正确答案是C。D不对，因为文章没有提及看戏的人(Theatre-goers)。

34． All of the following statements are true EXCEPT______. A．Shakespeare received little formal higher education.

B．Shakespeare could remain objective when interpreting human passions.

C．Shakespeare had a thorough understanding of the nature of human behaviour. D．Shakespeare’s drama was spoken highly of by Samuel Johnson.

正确答案：D 解析：第三段第一句的意思是：一个受过极少教育的人如何能创作出这些著作呢?这与A对应。第五段最后一句的前半句(His cool objectivity in rendering human passions)意思指Shakespeare表达人物情感时的客观冷静，与B对应。第四段第四句谈到 Shakespeare的确能“读懂”人类行为的本质(and Shakespeare certainly“read”the nature of human behaviour)，与C对应。正确答案只能是D，因为第五段最后一行谈到Samuel Johnson批评Shakespeare的写作“没有任何道德观念”(Samuel Johnson chastised Shakespeare for writing“without any moral purpose”)，而D中was spoken highly of的意思是被高度赞扬。

35． What is common among the characters in Shakespeare’s drama? A．They reflect the people in reality as well as in his dreams. B．They often have to make hard choices as to what to do.

C．They are caught in the conflict of emotions and feel ashamed of themselves. D．All of the above.

正确答案：B

解析：文章最后一句：，．．a parade of characters caught，．．．and the paradoxes of human dilemmas．暗示Shakespeare剧本中的人物常常处于两难的境地、面临

着决择，而A和C只有前半句表述正确，因此B是正确答案，

The sense of honour appears to be dying. Who fights duels to defend his reputation anymore? The idea merely strikes us as odd. How often does someone resign public office as a form of protest against his government’s policies about this or that? Most of us submerge our consciences in the policies of our company or organisation (and in our own self-interest) and regard loyalty as more important than dishonour. We had an honour code when I went to college; that was in the late 1950s. During exams no one monitored you: instructors came in, handed out the blue books, handed out the exams, and left. During the four years I was there, I can recall only one case of cheating. Students simply did not break the code. In World War Il men died more or less willingly for the nation and the nation’s honour, and they were honoured for it in return. Now we have become cynical about such things; the nation lies, fights unjustifiable wars; the nation robs the poor to give to the rich. At my college the students used to agree to inform on their friends rather than suffer a breach in the honour code. A sense of honour is a sense that there are standards of behaviour one must live up to, even at the cost of one’s personal happiness, even at the cost of one’s life. Without such a sense one has to make up one’s rights and wrongs as one goes along--usually, as it happens, to one’s own advantage. Morality thereby becomes a matter of expedience: nothing seems worth dying for, and life loses its beauty and some of its value. Our recent history has deprived us of models. I cherish the story of John Stubbs, a Puritan divine of Queen Elizabeth’s time who strongly opposed her projected marriage to the Duke of Alencon. Stubbs knew the penalty for doing so, which was the loss of a hand; nevertheless, he published a pamphlet against, the marriage. He was accordingly tried, convicted, and led out for public execution of the sentence. Stubbs laid his right hand on the block, the ax fell, and he rose to his feet, lifted the bloody stump high in the air, and cried out to the crowd, “Long live the queen!” In spite of the blood and the horror, it is the beauty of such an act that stands out. A man lives up to his beliefs; he acts with courage and great style and literally gives himself in the service of something he feels is greater than himself. We cannot help but honour him, whether we agree with his beliefs or not

36． The main idea of the passage is that______. A．more students cheat on exams now than in the past B．each era has a different concept of honour

C．there are still many individuals today who have a sense of honour D．our society no longer values a sense of honour

正确答案：D 解析：作者在文章第一句开门见山就说荣誉感似乎在逐渐消失，随后举例说明。第二段作者回顾自己大学阶段的生活，那时学生们都还有荣誉感，考试极少有人作弊。第四段又提到大学时代，说学生们往往宁愿揭发自己的朋友也不愿违背荣誉守则。倒数第二段特别举出伊丽莎白女王时代一位为捍卫荣誉甘愿牺牲生

命的英雄，说明我们近代已没有为荣誉而献身的楷模了。总之，作者以直接和间接经历证明，我们这个社会的荣誉感已日趋式微，所以正确答案为D。

37． Which is NOT true as far as the author’s college life was concerned? A．Few students cheated on exams. B．Students had an honour code.

C．Students did not tell teachers about their friends’ cheating. D．Teachers did not supervise exams.

正确答案：C

解析：根据第二段，A、B、D都成立，而第四段第一句说：当时的大学生往往宁愿揭发朋友也不愿违背荣誉守则，这与C矛盾，所以正确答案为C。

On May 12, 1946, Louis Alexander Slotin was carrying out an experiment in the laboratories at Los Alamos with seven other men. Slotin was good with his hands; he liked using his head; he was bright and a little daring-- in short, he was like any other man who is happy in his work. At Los Alamos, Slotin, then aged thirty-five, was concerned with the assembly of pieces of plutonium, each of which alone is too small to be dangerous and which will only sustain a chain reaction when they are put together. Atomic bombs are, in fact, detonated in this way, by suddenly bringing together several harmless pieces of plutonium so that they form a larger, explosive mass. Slotin himself had tested the assembly of the first experimental bomb which had been exploded in New Mexico in July, 1945. Now, nearly a year later, Slotin was again doing an experiment of this kind. He was nudging several pieces of plutonium toward one another, by tiny movements, in order to ensure that their total mass .would be large enough to make a chain reaction; and he was doing it, as experts are tempted to do such things, with a screwdriver. The screwdriver slipped, the pieces of plutonium came a fraction too close together and suddenly the instruments everyone was watching registered a great upsurge of neutrons, which is the sign that a chain reaction had begun. The assembly was filling the room with radioactivity. Slotin moved at once; he pulled the pieces of plutonium apart with his bare hands. This was virtually an act of suicide for it exposed him to the largest dose of radioactivity. Then he calmly asked his seven co-workers to mark their precise positions at the time of the accident in order that the degree of exposure to the radioactivity each one received could be fixed. Having clone this and alerted the medical service, Slotin apologized to his companions, and predicted what turned out to be exactly true: that he thought that he would die and that they would recover. Slotin had saved the lives of the seven men working with him by cutting to a minimum the time during which the assembly of plutonium was giving out neutrons and radioactive rays. He himself died of radiation sickness nine days later. The setting for his act, the people involved, and the disaster are scientific, but this is not the reason why I tell Slotin’s story. I tell it to show that morality shall we call it heroism in this case? has the same anatomy the world over. There are two things that make up morality. One is the sense that other people matter: the sense of common

loyalty, of charity and tenderness, the sense of human love. The other is a clear judgment of what is at stake: a cold knowledge, without a trace of deception, of precisely what will happen to oneself and to others if one plays either the hero or the coward. This is the highest morality: to combine human love with an unflinching, scientific judgment. I tell the story of Louis Slotin for another reason also. He was an atomic physicist who made a different choice from mine. He was still working on bombs when he died, a year after World War II ended. The essence of morality is not that we should all act alike but that each of us should deeply search his own conscience--and should then act steadfastly as it tells him to do.

38． What is the main point of the passage?

A．To warn people of the dangers of atomic power. B．To describe the heroism of Louis Slotin.

C．To make a statement about what morality means. D．To express the author’s view of a scientist’s duty.

正确答案：C

解析：文章先用大量篇幅(前四段)讲述了一个科学家做实验的故事，到第五段才点出讲故事的用意，即用以说明何谓道德，并分析了道德的两个组成部分：对他人有爱心，对形势能作出清醒而科学的判断。因此文章重在讨论道德问题，正确答案为C。

39． How many people were involved in the experiment giving rise to radioactivity?

A．Seven. B．Eight. C．Nine. D．Ten.

正确答案：B

解析：第三、第四段都谈到科学家Slotin和他的七个同事，因此正确答案为B。

40． Slotin did not call the hospital for help until ______. A．the screwdriver slipped B．a chain reaction began

C．he apologized to his co-workers D．he calmly handled the accident

正确答案：D

解析：根据第四段第一句，Slotin冷静地要求同事做好事故的有关记录后才通知医疗部门 (alerted the medical service)，然后再向同事道歉，而螺丝刀滑落和连锁反应的发生分别是事故之初和事故之中的事，因此前三个选项都不正确，只

有D才是正确答案。

PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.

41． Where is Belfast? A．In England. B．In Scotland. C．In Wales.

D．In Northern Ireland.

正确答案：D

42． The President of the United States is elected______. A．indirectly by the electors B．by Congress

C．directly by the voters D．none of the above

正确答案：D

43． Canada’s largest city is______. A．Montreal B．Toronto C．Ottawa D．Vancouver

正确答案：B

44． In the United States education policies are determined by ______. A．the federal government

B．the state and hoard of trustees in some states C．local school district D．board of trustees

正确答案：B

45． A Passage to India was written by______. A．Joseph Conrad B．Virginia Woolf C．Thomas Hardy D．E. M. Foster

正确答案：D

46． Who is regarded as one of the two most important playwrights during the Irish Dramatic Revival?

A．William Butler Yeats. B．George Moore.

C．John Millington Synge. D．Edward Martyn.

正确答案：C

47． Herman Melville was famous for his______. A．The Scarlet Letter B．The Portrait of a Lady C．Leaves of Grasses D．Moby Dick

正确答案：D

48． If a lingustic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviour in using language, it is said to be______.

A．prescriptive B．descriptive C．synchronic D．diachronic

正确答案：A

49． N. Chomsky defines as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.

A．parole B．langue

C．competence D．performance

正确答案：C

50． The following pairs of words are relational opposites EXCEPT ______. A．hot/cold

B．wife/husband C．buy/sell

D．above/below

正确答案：A

PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)Directions: Proofread the given passage. The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:(1)For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.(2)For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write t

Doing one thing may mean another like the case may be. These are 【M1】______ things that we should look out for, as it can easily give things out about 【M2】______ both yourself and the observer. A simple touch of the nose should mean 【M3】______ that you/they aren’t being truthful. A lot of us move our heads when we are talking to get approval from others. If you want to look

powerful, you should try to keep your head movement to a minimum. 【M4】______ How much you show your underbelly is a way of showing how confident, secure or trusting you are. The less you cover your underbelly 【M5】______ with folded arms, crossed legs, raised hands, etc, the more appropriate the qualities may be. Folding your arms may look as you are trying to 【M6】______ defend yourself and will look bad to other person. If you talk to someone 【M7】______ who has folded arms and crossed legs and perhaps turned away slightly, 【M8】______ you may think that he is uninterested and also feeling detached away from 【M9】______ your conversation. If he starts to unfold his arms, uncross his legs, and it【M10】______ may be a sign that be is accepting your issue.

51． 【M1】

正确答案：like—改成as

解析：介词like不能引导状语从句。

52． 【M2】

正确答案：out—改成away

解析：give away的意思是“泄露”。

53． 【M3】

正确答案：should—改成could

解析：根据上下文，could．在这里表示一种可能性。

． 【M4】

正确答案：movement—改成movements

解析：表示动的次数，须用可数名词。

55． 【M5】

正确答案：cover∧your underbelly—加入up 解析：cover up的意思是“掩盖”。

56． 【M6】

正确答案：as ∧you are trying—加入if 或though 解析：as if/though意为“仿佛”。

57． 【M7】

正确答案：to∧other person—加入the 解析：这里“另一个人”是特指。

58． 【M8】

正确答案：turned—改成turns

解析：这里须用一般现在时，与前面的has平行。

59． 【M9】

正确答案：— away—删去away 解析：away在这里多余。

60． 【M10】

正确答案：— and—删去and

解析：条件状语从句与主句之间不用and连接。

PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)

SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHDirections: Translate the following text into English.

61． 8月17日的下午，约克逊号邮船无数的窗眼里，飞出五色飘扬的纸带，远远的抛到岸上，任凭送别的人牵住的时候，我的心是如何的飞扬而凄恻! 痴绝的无数的送别者，在最远的江岸，仅仅牵着这终于断绝的纸条儿放这庞然大物，载着最重的离愁，飘然西去! 船上生活，是如何的清新而活泼。除了三餐外，只是随意游戏散步。海上的头三日，我竟完全回到小孩子的境地中去了，套圈子，抛沙袋，乐此不疲，过后又绝然不玩了。后来自己回想很奇怪，无他，海唤起了我童年的回忆，海波声中，童心和游伴都跳跃到我脑中来。

正确答案： Those sentimental individuals, standing in large numbers on the increasingly distant shore, could only hold on to the paper streamers until they would eventually break, reluctantly letting the iron mammoth sail westward, loaded down as it was with the heavy grief of parting! Daily life on the ship was refreshing and active. Outside of the three meals, all my time was spent playing games and taking walks on the decks as I pleased. For the first three days, I seemed to have totally reverted to my childhood. I tossed rings and small beanbags, never tiring of playing these games. Then three days later, I cut all connection with such pastimes. As I recalled it all later, I fell very strange though there was nothing more to it than this: The sea had unmoored my childhood memories, and midst the sound of the surging waves, a sense of childlike innocence and my young playmates flooded my mind.

SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.

62． I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the omens who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seamed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church. No doubt, had I looked harder at their lives, I would have envied them less. It was not my fate to become a woman, so it was easier for me to see the graces. Few of them held jobs outside the home, and those who did filled thankless roles as clerks and waitresses. I didn’t see, then, what a prison a house could be, since hours seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory. I did not realize--because such things ware never spoken of--how often women suffered from men’s bullying.

正确答案： 像男人一样，女人也为钱发愁，电省吃俭用，凑合度日。但是，如果家里断了收入，问题并非出在她们身上。她们也用不着去打仗，这在我看来是一桩幸事。跟做父亲的那种拥挤的、刻板的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子过得比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家串门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。当然，我若是对她们的生活观察得敏锐一些，就不会那么羡慕她们了。我命中注定不是女人，因而更容易发现女人悠闲的一面。她们很少有人外出做工，即使有去做工的，也是做些诸如文书和女招待之类的吃力不讨好的差事。那时候，我还意识不到家会多像一座监狱，因为在我看来，家比哪座工厂都要亮堂美观。

PART VI WRITING (45 MIN)Directions: Write a composition of about

400 words on the following topic.

63． A management rule forbidding college students of legal marriageable age to tie the knot caused a nationwide debate in China long after it went into effect. But now students in China are allowed to decide for themselves whether to get married. As a student, what is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view. In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should briny what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

正确答案： Degree Weighs More Than Wedding Ring The implementation of the revised college regulation lifts a 50-year ban on college students getting married. Students at the legal age of marriage will now not have to struggle with the question of whether to give up their studies or delay their wedding. They have hailed the new rule, saying it gives back to the students a right they always should have possessed. However, as far as I am concerned, I have chosen not to exercise the right. Being a student, I consider studying as my priority. Marriage and childbearing are distractions and would disturb the normal order of study. Today, students face pressure from study and employment, it is unlikely for them to rush into marriage without careful consideration. A survey conducted in central China’s Wuhan City revealed that half of the city’s college students prefer to postpone marriage for at least five years after graduation; less than one-third of those students questioned would go ahead and marry within three to five years after leaving college. Being married means you should take on the responsibility of a family both mentally and economically. Now, the majority of the students in China rely on their parents for tuition fees and living expenses. How can they marry when they are not economically self-sufficient? Only when they earn their own living after graduation shall they consider marriage. For those students who ware to get married on campus, problems lie ahead: where to live, how to apply for marital leave in case of pregnancy, and whether to inform their college about the marriage. Currently no college in China offers special housing to married students and colleges don’t shoulder such an obligation. Although pregnant students may interrupt the four-year period prescribed for getting their degrees by suspending their studies for a year, they still have to complete their education within a fixed number of years. Besides, some parents welcome schools’ restriction on marriage because they believe marriage of college students would lead to a higher risk of divorce. As a matter of fact, marriage means responsibility more than love. University students are still green in nearly each fields of life and more time is needed for them to gain experience. Without a solid foundation of education, emotional and financial maturity, the chance of a successful marriage, although exists, is low. Even they get married, their attitudes and values will

change. Maybe the academic pressure and financial burden will upset them and even lead to the break-up of the marriage. So a system that allows for, but advises against it. is a reasonable compromise in my mind.