什么是词

什么是词？ 有几种构词方法？

什么是词的理据？ 词义分为哪几类？ 语义成分分析有什么意义？

语用意义产生的必要条件？具有什么特点？

什么是同义词，反义词，多义词，同形异义词和下义词？ 词义演变的方式和原因。 为什么英语借词最丰富？

什么是词的搭配？搭配的理据是什么、

英语成语有什么特点？有几种？你能翻译多少？

1．What are the main reasons that lead to the changes in word?必考

Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language, changing in word has never ceased since the language came into being .

Whenever new meanings are added to old words, or new words are created, it is in response to some need.

2.Changes take place through the process of extension, degradation, elevation , narrowing, and transfer

______refers to a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept. Elevation:

_____: refers to a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use. Degradation:

Narrowing: refers to a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense. 什么是搭配？

习惯上讲二个或两个以上的词的组合叫做搭配。 反映了词语之间的共线关系。P218 Firth uses a less technical expression for this term—“the mutual expectancy of words,” He said that You shall know a word by the company it keeps. For example “ass” in “You silly ass”. You may use a limited set of adjectives such as silly, obstinate, stupid, awful…Thus keeping company is called collocation

搭配的理据：指的是所表达得事物或现象获得名称的依据，由此而说明搭配的事物或现象的名称之间的关系。

Collocation must satisfy a certain syntactic ,idiomatic and pragmatic purpose.

Chomsky handles collocation within the framework of grammar(or syntax) . That is based on the grammatical rules and the semantic features of lexical items.

Collocations are culturally bound and characterized by a great richness of literary and historical association .

Transfer: refers to a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing.

_____: refers to a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use.

2.1.4 Narrowing: refers to a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a ______sense

The meanings of a word is composite, consisting of different components . Some meanings of words are constant , and others may be transient.

Lexical meaning(词汇意义) is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word

Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.

Componential Analysis(语义成份分析), according to Leech, is the process of breaking down the word sense of a word into its minimal components.

Sememe (义素) is such smallest sense unit in the semantic system of a word.

Sememe functions as a semantic marker, or semantic feature. Every content word harbors an explicit set of traits. When these traits are abstracted from the words, they are called semantic features, which are the components of the sense of words.

Semanticaly, all words are related in one way or another, thus semantic field.

A semantic field is a term of semantics. It refers to a meaning area where words of the same concept or the same classification congregated in one field. It shows the relationship of different lexical items within the same field or domain.

Linguistic meaning refers to the lexical meaning (cognitive meaning) and grammatical meaning, including its primary meaning and extended meaning. It is static meaning, inherent and unchangeable under any circumstances.

Pragmatic meaning of words refers to the meaning in context. It is momentary and full of figurative color.

Words are arbitrary symbols and have independent identities so far as their outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned.

Before this , we had semantic analysis , and found word had one or more meanings. Semantically, these lexemes are all related in one way or another. Hence sense relations. What’s the definition of Synonymy? P123/90

“Words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech.

Absolute or perfect synonyms: words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural languages

Relative or partial synonyms: words which are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). The general lexical item is called the superordinate(上义词). The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词) or subordinates

Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. They are a variety of “oppositeness”. They can be classified into three major groups.

Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable

Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. This is particular true of highly developed languages like English

Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical both in sound and spelling.

Homonyms fall into three classes:

perfect homonyms; homographs and homophones. Lexicology

It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language.

Word（1）It is the basic unit of speech

（2）and minimal free form which （3）has a given sound and meaning （4）and grammatical function.

In a word, A word comprises: 1) a minimal free form of a language; 2)

a sound unity; 3) a unit of meaning 4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. vocabulary ---all the words in a language together, all items in a dictionary.

Vocabulary of a person can be divided into  Speaking vocabulary (a)  Writing vocabulary (a)  Reading vocabulary (p)  Guess vocabulary (p) Collocability .

Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. Cl Affixation（词缀法）：is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming ors to stems. ( This process is also known as derivation). The words formed in this way are called What appears in your mind when we speak of ‘cat’? A girl or an animal?

We know that a word is the combination of form and meaning. By form we mean both its pronunciation and spelling. Meaning is what the form stands for. There are some related concepts which need further clarification. 1.What is reference? （P51-52）

Reference is the relationship between language and the world. Many of words have meaning only when they have acquired reference.

sense: Every word that has meaning has sense, but not every word has reference. aches of word-formation? • The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on

word-formation.