非谓语学习

不定式 infinitive 动名词 gerund 现在分词 过去分词

不定式有两种形式：to-infinitive, bare infinitive

不定式用作主语：

To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见 To err is human, to forgive divine.

不定式用作表语：

The duties of a mail carrier are to deliver letters and newspapers. 邮递员的任务就是投递信与报纸。

My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter. 我的主要意图是指出这个问题的困难所在。

不定式用作宾语：

They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。

Mr. Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned. 主席先生，我提议休会。

形容词后接不定式：

He was lucky to pass the examination. 他很幸运通过了考试。 Are we likely to arrive in time? 我们能够及时到达吗？

（able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, foolish, inclined, prepared, ready, slow, willing）

不定式用作定语：

The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. 这个问题将在不久于北京召开的会议上讨论。

The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 Technology has made the world a better place to live.

不定式用作状语：目的、结果、原因 1）表目的

He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. 他明天去诊所让大夫检查。

To conceal my emotion, I buried my face in my hands. 为了掩盖我的激动情绪，我用手捂着脸。

Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly. 许多农民给庄稼施肥，为的是让庄稼长得更快些。

I’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的电话号码写下来，以免忘记。 2) 表结果

In 1935 he left home never to return. 1935年，他离开家再没回来。 What have I done to offend you? 我干什么惹你生气了？

The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower. 这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。

His indifference is such as to make one despair. 他如此冷淡，令人感到绝望。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。 It’s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。 3）表原因

She wept to see him in such a terrible state. 他看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。 Hang the idiot to bring me such stuff! 这该死的蠢货，竟给我带来了这些货色！ 4）表条件

To look at him you could hardly help laughing. 看到他你就会忍不住笑起来。

You do an honest man wrong to call him a liar or a thief. 你如把一个诚实的人唤作说谎者或盗贼，那就冤枉他了。

不定式用作独立成分：

To make a long story short, we agreed to disagree. 长话短说，我们同意各自保留不同的看法。

The dog is, so to speak, a member of the family. 那狗可以说是家庭的一员了。

不定式独立结构：

We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分工了，她擦窗户，我扫地。

A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。

不定式用作宾语补语：

When I use the word moral, please do not understand me to mean anything religious.在我用moral这个词时，请不要以为我意指有关宗教的事。

We would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art. 我们想给你们一个欣赏中国艺术的机会。

I consider him (to be) too lazy. 我看他太懒了。

(believe, consider, declare, find, prove, think, imagine) We felt the house shake. 我们感到房子摇动。 (feel, see, hear, watch, notice, make, let, have)

不定式用作主语补语：

The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个青年被认为大有前途。 The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance. 对年轻人的教育被看作是头等重要的。

For + 名词 + 不定式：

1）主语 For a child to do that job is just inconceivable. 让一个孩子做这项工作真是不可思议。

2）表语 A solution would be for shops to open at noon and close about 9 p.m. 办法是商店中午开门，晚九点关门。

3）宾语 I meant for you to eat. 我的意思是要你吃。

4）定语 That would be a matter for the people to decide. 那应由人民来决定。 5）目的状语 For a vote to be valid, the deputy must present and vote in person. 为了使每一票都有效，代表必须出席并亲自投票。

疑问词 + 不定式：

1）主语 When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。

2）宾语 I didn’t know whether to go there or not. 我不知是否该去那儿。 3）表语 The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。

4）双重宾语 I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你哪里能买到此书。

不带to的不定式

1）动词原形go, come 之后口语中常用 go (and) tell her. Come have a glass.

Try knock at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. 2）在than, better之后 I would rather go than stay.

He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital. 他坚持要回到工作岗位，不再住医院。

You cannot do better than go. 你最好是去。

3）名词性从句用作主语时，其表语如是不定式，在口语中常省去

What a fire-door does is delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.防火门的用处就是减缓火的蔓延，让人们逃脱。

Turn off the gas was all I did. 关掉煤气就是我所做的一切。（倒装） 4）cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but之后

I cannot but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。 She could not choose but love him. 她不禁爱上了他。

The cause could not help but be advanced today. 今天不能不推进这一事业。 We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们只得等待。（but之前有do） I have no choice but to accept the fact. 我只有承认事实。（but之前无do）

5）口语中在as…as之后

If you’ll be as good as give me your keys, my dear, I’ll attend all this sort of thing in the future. 你如肯把你的钥匙给我，亲爱的，我以后将照管所有这样的事。 The thug will kill you as soon as look at you. 那个暴徒一看到你就会把你杀死。 6）固定词组

I hear that little beggar of mine let fly at you with his catapult yesterday. 我听见昨天我那个小家伙用弹弓射你了。

I used to sit there, making believe to learn Japanese. 我常坐在那里，装作学日语。 If I can’t have the real thing, I can make do with the imitation. 如果我得不到真品，那也可以用仿制品对付一下。 7）避免重复

I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想怎么说才好。 It’s just impossible to see that and not weep. 看见那个景象而不哭是不可能的。 To be or not to be—that is the question. 生存还是死亡，这就是问题所在。（对照或对比）

8）疑问词why引导的省略句

Why talk so much about it? 这样大谈它干吗？ Why not try again? 干吗不再试呢？

动名词 gerund

动名词作主语

Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 Saving is having. 节约即使收入。

动名词作表语

What he likes is playing chess after supper. 他的爱好是晚饭后下棋。 The main thing is getting there in time. 首要的事是及时到达那里。

动名词作宾语

Have you finished reading the book? 你读完那本书了吗？

Would you mind closing the door? 我建议换一种方法做此事。

A person certainly loses when he gives up trying. 一个人放弃了努力就肯定一无所得。

动名词作定语

Soon we got to the threshing ground. 不久我们就来到打谷场。

They set up an operating table in a small temple. 他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。

动名词复合结构：名词属格或物主代词加动名词

作主语

You’ll see that my ordering you around hasn’t been so bad for you. 你会明白我叫你做这做那对你并没有什么坏处。

It’s no use your trying to deceive me. 你想骗我是没有用的。 做宾语

I can’t bear his staying up so late. 他睡得这么晚，我受不了。 Excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。

动名词与不定式的比较

1）有时无甚区别，一般说来动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果。 I won’t have you saying such things!

I won’t have you say such things! 我不允许你说这种话！ The house wants repairing.

The house wants to be repaired. 房子需要修缮。 The buses have ceased running.

The buses have ceased to run. 这些公车已中止运行。 We propose making a change.

We propose to make a change. 我们建议做一点变动。 I prefer staying indoors on cold winter evenings.

I prefer to stay indoors on cold winter evenings. 在冬天的夜晚我宁愿呆在家里。 She can’t bear being laughed at.

She can’t bear to be laughed at. 他不堪被人嘲笑。 2）二者不同之处如下

a) 动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则常常是句中名

词、代词

I scorn telling lies. 我蔑视说谎。 I scorn to tell a lie. 我不屑于说谎。 I hate smoking. 我讨厌吸烟。 I hate to smoke. 我不爱吸烟。

b) 动名词表一般或抽象得多次性的动作，而不定式的常常表具体或一次性

的动作。

Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。

To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。

c) 在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而另一些动词之后只能用不定式

接动名词的动词：acknowledge, admit, advocate, avoid, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, finish, grudge, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practice, recall, recollect, repent, resent, resist, risk, stop, suggest. 接不定式的动词：afford, agree, aim, ask, claim, choose, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish

d) 某些动词之后既能用动名词也能用不定式：attempt, begin, continue,

deserve, disdain, dread, endure, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, omit, prefer, proceed, propose, regret, remember, scorn, start, try, want

e) 上述既能用动名词也能用不定式的动词意义有时有所不同

Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. 前门如没有人答应，就敲后门试试看。

Try to get some sleep. 试图睡一会儿。

I regret missing the film. 我懊悔没有看上那部电影。 I regret to say that I cannot come. 我很抱歉，不能来了。 I can’t help laughing. 我不禁笑了起来。

I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能帮助打扫这地方。 She proposes catching the early train. 她建议赶早班火车。 She proposes to catch the early train. 她打算去赶早班火车。 This means helping you. 这意味着帮助你。 I meant to help you. 我意在帮你。 f) 动词stop, quit的功用

He stopped smoking last week. 他上周戒了烟。 He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。 I’ve quit smoking. 我已戒烟。

At noon the men quit to eat. 中午工人们停下来吃饭。

介词 + 动名词 与 不定式 动词

agree on doing sth. 协议做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 aim at doing sth.

aim to do sth. 旨在做某事 aspire to doing sth.

aspire to do sth. 渴望去做某事 contribute to doing sth.

contribute to do sth. 为做某事出力 名词

attempt at doing sth. / to do sth. chance of doing sth. / to do sth.

aversion to doing / do sth. 厌恶做某事 choice of doing sth. / to do sth. effort at doing sth. / to do sth. capacity of doing sth. / to do sth. Desire of doing sth. / to do sth. Freedom in doing sth. / to do sth. Honor of doing sth. / to do sth. Intention of doing sth. / to do sth. Objection to doing sth. / to do sth. Patience in doing sth. / to do sth. Reason for sth. / to do sth.

Propensity for doing sth. / to do sth. 倾向做某事 Mood for doing sth. / to do sth. Time for doing sth. / to do sth.

Failure in doing sth. / to do sth. 形容词

adept at / in doing sth. 熟练于做某事 Averse to doing sth. 厌恶做某事 Aware of doing sth.

Apprehensive of doing sth. 对做某事担忧 Apologetic for doing sth. Busy in doing sth. Capable of doing sth. Confident of doing sth. Angry about doing sth. Equal to doing sth.

Equivalent to doing sth. 相当于做某事 Exact in doing sth. 精确地做某事 Guilty of doing sth. Hopeful of doing sth.

Awkward at doing sth. 拙于做某事 Fearful of doing sth. Keen on doing sth.

Intent on doing sth. 坚决要做某事