用来表示形形色色的人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词叫名词。eg:Tom ;Jack等表示人;desk; apple 等表示事物;town; New York等表示地点;friendship(友谊)、kindness(善良)等表示抽象概念。
一、可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1.不可数名词
不可数名词没有单、复数。eg: some water, a glass of water, some meat, two pieces of meat. 2.可数名词
可数名词分为单数(the Singular Form)和复数(the Plural From)两种形式。eg:a book, two books; a baby, some babies。
可数名词的单数就是该单词本身,在句中使用时,在其前加a或an。eg:a book ;a red apple; an egg 要点1.a用于辅音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前;an用于元音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前。 二、词的复数
1.复数的规则构成法
规 则 一般情况下加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加-es watch—watches wish—wishes 以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变成i加-es 以f或fe结尾的,把f或fe变成v,再加-es wife—wives half—halves 要点2 1.初中阶段学过的以o结尾的名词复数有以下两种情况: ①以元音字母加o结尾的,加-s,eg:zoo—zoos ②以辅音字母加o结尾的,有的加-s,有的加-es,eg:tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes, piano—pianos 2.少数以f或fe结尾的名词改为复数时,只加-s,eg:roof—roofs;safe—safes;proof—proofs 2. 复数的不规则构成法
复数的不规则构成有以下三种方法,利用这三种方法构成复数的词,在英语的实际运用中应用较广。 ①改变元音的词,eg:
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例 词 book—books desk—desks boy—boys glass—glasses box—boxes family—families country—countries knife—knives leaf—leaves man→ men policeman→ policemen woman→ women
postman→ postmen (但German→ Germans) foot→ feet tooth→ teeth ②改变词尾的词,eg: child→ children ③词形无变化的,即单、复数同形的词。eg:
sheep—sheep deer—deer Chinese→ Chinese Japanese→ Japanese fish—fish (指鱼的条数,但eg果指鱼的种类时,可用fishes); 3.名词复数词尾-s或-es的读音方法 情 况 在[p][k][f]等清辅音后 在[s][z]等音后 在[t]、[d]后面,与[t]、[d]连续 其他情况下 三、物质名词量的表示方法
物质名词是不可数名词。在表示数量时,经常用以下几种方法。 1.用some, much, a little, little, a lot of , lots of, plenty of 等表示多少 There is little milk at home. 家里几乎没有牛奶了。 The old man has lots of money. 这位老人有很多钱。 2.用容器等量词表示
a glass of water 一杯水 a bottle of juice 一瓶果汁 a piece of news 一条消息
要点3.eg要表示“两杯茶、四张纸”等这类概念时,在量词后面加复数,例eg: two glasses of water 两杯水 three bottles of juice 三瓶果汁four pieces of news 四条消息 四、专有名词
总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是指个别的人、事物、地点等专有名称的词。eg:Tom, China, the Great Wall, No. 11 Middle School, Jinling Hotel等,除此之外的名词可称为普通名词,eg:desk, book, map等。
专有名词的第一个字母一般要大写,之前一般不用冠词,但有的专有名词前带定冠词the。 五、名词的所有格
在英语中,有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。eg:Tom’s book (汤姆的书);Chidren’s Day(儿童节);Teachers’ office (教师办公室)。
1.名词所有格的构成
(1)单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词不以s结尾,也要加’s。eg:
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读 法 [s] [lz] [ts][dz] [z] 例 词 cups, cakes, roofs glasses, faces, roses, brushes, watches hats, beds days,cities, knives Helen’s brother(海伦的兄弟) Women’s Day (妇女节) (2)如果复数名词以s结尾,则只加“’”即可。eg:
the twins’ teacher(双胞胎的老师) my parents’ bedroom(我父母的卧室)
(3)如果表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s;如果表示几个人各自所有,则需在各个名字后加’s。eg:
Jim and Mike’s room 吉姆和迈克(合用)的房间(指一个房间) Jim’s and Mike’s room s吉姆和迈克(各用)的房间(指两个房间) 2.名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要用于表示有生命的事物(特别是人或其他动物)的名词。但下列情况也可用所有格:
① 表示国家、城市、季节、太阳、海洋、船只等无生命的东西的名词。 eg:China’s population 中国的人口
②有些表示时间、距离的名词。eg: today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 3.双重所有格
当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格。双重所有格的结构:a / an / this / that +名词+of+名词性物主代词/’s所有格。eg:a friend of mine 我的一个朋友;a photo of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一张照片。
[注意]省去名词所有格的两种情况:
1.若名词所有格所修饰的名词已经出现过,在第二次出现的所有格后的名词可以省去,以避免重复。eg:This book is mine, not Li Ping’s. 这本书是我的,不是李萍的。
2.在表示某个具体场所时,所有格后的名词可以省略。
eg:at Mr Black’s 在布莱克先生家;the chemist’s 药店:the dentist’s 牙医诊所 ten minutes’ walk 步行十分钟的路程 2.of属格的用法
of属格多用于无生命的东西。eg:the name of the song 歌名,a photo of my family 我的一张家庭照 五、名词的作用
1.作主语。 eg: The book is on the desk. 书在书桌上。 2.作表语。 eg:My father is a teacher. 我父亲是位教师。 3.作宾语或复合宾语。 eg: He like English. 他喜欢英语。
eg: We made Jack our monitor. 我们选杰克当班长。
4.作定语。 eg: There are three apple trees in the garden. 花园里有三棵苹果树。
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5.作同位语。eg: Mr Smith, our teacher, is speaking now. 我们的老师,史密斯先生,正在讲话。
专 项 练 习题
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1.There are two __________ (shelf) in the room.
2.In the survey, people from different__________ (country) greet differently. 3.Two __________ (family) live in this building. 4.Do you want some __________ (potato) for supper? 5.Today is __________ (child) Day. 6.Would you like some __________ (bread)? 7.We’re very __________ (pride) of our great country.
8.Those dinosaur eggs were found in the Gobi Desert by a group of __________ (science) in the 1920s.
Ⅱ.选择填空
1.Could you give me ________ on how I can do better in my physics? A. some advices
B. some advice
C. an advice
D. a advice
2.You’d better brush __________ shortly after you get out of your morning bed every day. A. your tooth
B. your tooths
C. your teeth
D. your teeths
3.Jack is interested in taking __________. A. photo
B. photos
C. photoes
D. photos’
4.There are a lot of __________ down the grassy land but hardly any __________. A. sheeps, people
B. sheep, people
C. sheeps, peoples
D. sheep, peoples
5.The __________ visited several __________ in Southern China last year. A. German, place of interests C. Germen, places of interest
B. Germans, places of interest D. Germany, places of interests
6.More and more college girls study medicine nowadays, and so there will be a large number of __________ in hospitals.
A. woman doctors
B. women doctors
C. women doctor
D. woman doctor
7.When I came in, __________ were sitting at the supper table. A. White
B. the White
C. the Whites
D. Whites
8.In autumn __________ of most plants turn yellow and then fall down. A. leafs
B. leaves C. leaf
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D. leave
9.Tom and Jack go to school by __________ every day. A. a bike
B. their bikes
C. the bike
D. bike
10.It’s twenty __________ walk from my home to school.
A. minute Ⅲ.句型转换
1.This is a knife. (改为复数形式) __________________________________________ 2.The woman at the door is Lily and Lucy’s mother. (对画线部分提问)
________________________________________________________________________ 3.Many Englishmen stand there. (改为单数形式)
________________________________________________________________________ 4.There is a little milk in the glass. (对画线部分提问)
________________________________________________________________________ 5.I have a wish. (改复数形式) __________________________________________ 6.The news is very good. (改为感叹句) __________________________________________ 7.There is only a sheep on the hill. (改复数形式) _____________________________________ 8.Tom’s book is on his desk. (对画线部分提问) _____________________________________ Ⅳ.词组翻译。
1.一听可乐________________________ 2.我姐姐喜欢的明星________________________ 3.约翰和托尼的房间 ____________________________
4.孩子们的书包____________________________ 5. 一张家庭照片________________________ 6.三分钟的步行路程____________________________ 7.张力的头发__________________________________ 8.一碗蘑菇猪肉饺子_______________________ 9.两片面包________________________________ 10.五杯橘子汁_______________________________ 11.城市繁忙的街道_______________________________ 12.一张中国地图____________________________
B. minutes
C. minutes’
D. minute’s
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