1. 目录…………………………………………………………………………………….1
2. 虚拟语气的讲解，真实条件句与虚拟条件句……………………………………2
3. But for 若非，要不是 虚拟语气……………………………………………………….. 3-4
4. wish的虚拟用法…………………………………………………………………………………. 5-7
5. if only 的虚拟语气………………………………………………………………………………..8
6. Would rather 后宾语从句的虚拟语气………………………………………………….9-10
7. suggest, demand, insist, ask 这类意志动词后接的宾语从句的虚拟……11
8. 在主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句中的虚拟语气………………………….12
13. 在定语从句中的虚拟语气…………………………………………………………………….13
14. 在状语从句中的虚拟…………………………………………………………………………….13-15
15. 其他不常见的虚拟…………………………………………………………………………………16-18
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虚拟语气
【不可能发生的假设】，【与事实相违背的假设】【白日做梦】=虚拟条件句=虚拟语气
真实条件句与虚拟条件句的区分： 这里注意与真实条件句区分开来，真实条件句就是很有可能发生的， 对于那些很难发生的，或者几乎无可能的，大部分都是虚拟语气。
如果我是一只小鸟 与事实相违背 根本不可能 用虚拟语气 if I were a bird.
如果我是你 与事实相违背 根本不可能 用虚拟语气 if I were you
如果我可以回到过去 与事实相违背 根本不可能 用虚拟语气 if I could go back to the past
如果明天生出来的是男孩 很有可能是 是真实条件句 if it is a boy born tomorrow
如果一会儿堵车 很有可能发生 真实条件句 if there’s a traffic jam after a while
如果我是世界首富 显然很难发生 虚拟语气 if I were the richest man in the world
如果明天我的彩票中了一亿 显然也很难 多低的概率 虽然有可能 但是概率很低 很难，有点做白日梦的感觉 if tomorrow my lottery ticket were to win 100 million yuan
（对一个病人说）如果你没有生病 对一个病人这么说，明显的与事实不符,if you were not sick 区分开来 真实条件句 和 虚拟条件句 ，下边开始了解虚拟语气 从最常见的用法去说，熟悉了之后再去了解其他的不常见的用法，如果一下都记完了， 反而太多容易混淆。
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But for 若非，要不是 虚拟语气
此类句型仅限于与现在事实及过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
But for 有时候也只是主句虚拟，从句没有可以明显虚拟的词 或者 不需要虚拟 是一种陈述，有时候句子主句 从句时混合虚拟， 彼此虚拟的时间不一致。 A． 与现在事实相反，若非…..就…….
If it were not + that 从句（一般现在时），+主语 could
for + 名词 would
+ might + 原形V should
but for +名词， ought to
E.g.:要不是他努力工作， 我才不会喜欢他。
If it were not that he works hard, I wouldn’t like him. 一般现在时动词
=if it were not for his hard work, I …………………………… 名词
=were it not for his hard work, I………（虚拟语气里were , should, had 可以提前，但是否定词not不能提前） 名词
=but for his hard work, I………………
名词
B，与过去事实相反，：若非当时……………就………………
That 从句（一般过去时）+主语 would If it had not been
For + 名词， could
= might + have+p.p.
should But for + 名词， ought to
E.g.:要不是当时他借钱给我，我是无法买到那本书的。
If it hadn’t been that he lent me the money, I could not have bought that book. 一般过去时动词
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=If it hadn’t been for the money (which) he lent me, I……… 名词
=had it not been for the money(which) he lent me, I………… (had 可以提前) 名词
=but for the money (which) he lent me,I……………………………..
But for 亦可用介词 without 代替， 之后仍接名词。
But for his help, I couldn’t have done it. =without his help, I couldn’t have done it.
若非他的帮忙， 我无法办这事。
But for his timely warning, I might have been killed. =without his timely warning, I might have been killed. 若非他及时警告， 我可能已经丧命了。
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Wish的虚拟用法
我个人感觉总结：Wish 一般大部分都只有对现在和过去两种虚拟，不过也有将来的虚拟，但不太常用而已，跟 If only 差不多， 因为 他们的意思都是一种很难实现的愿望，想法， 对将来的虚拟， 一般多用if， 条件状语了， hope与wish相比， Hope 多表示极大可能实现的， 一般将来想怎么样， 用hope比较合适， 因为是有可能实现的， 如果实在太凌乱， 可以先暂且这么记着， 以后真发现特殊情况， 可以具体问题具体分析。先把这个常见的基础打牢了。
Wish 后的that从句， 一定要使用虚拟语气，若与现在事实相反，要用一般过去时， 若与过去事实相反， 则要用过去完成时， 换言之， that从句中的时态绝无一般现在时。 而且主句中 用would/could + have 比较多， should 不常用，但也可以用。 E.g.
我真希望他现在就在这里。-------- 但遗憾的是，他并不在这里。 I wish he were here.
我真希望他当时就在这里。 ----------但遗憾的是， 他当时并不在这里。
下边再详细介绍一下wish的虚拟用法
Wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟
虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常省去连词that），表示不可能实现的愿望。
1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望
构成：
主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 （be 一律用were）
例如：
I wish I knew everything in the world.
I wish that the experiment were a success.
We wish we had wings. 我们希望有翅膀。
Example:
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I wish it ______ not so cold outside.
A. shall be B. be C. were D. is
I wish I ______ you better.
A. know B. knew C. will know D. have known
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望
构成：
主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + done或had + done
例如：
I wish that you had called yesterday.
I wish that I could have gone with you last night.
I didn't go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.
Example:
I wish you ______ such a great deal of fuss.
A. were not caused B. had not caused
C. have not caused D. are not caused
I wish that you ______ such a bad headache because I'm sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. hadn't had B. hadn't
C. didn't have D. hadn't have
3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望
构成：
主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would /could/might + 原形动词 ， should一般不用， 语意不搭， 一般should 多用于别人的建议， wish 是一种希望， 后边的应该是表达委婉的，
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希望你能…., 希望你将…….，
希望你应该…..是不是听着就比较怪了，英语来说也是同样的，这是语气问题
例如：
I wish that he could try again.
I wish that someday should live on the moon.
个人感觉用should的时候多表达一种惊讶， 竟然……的
We wish that they would come soon.
I wish I were a cat.
I wish I had finished my homework.
I wish it would not rain tomorrow.
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注：if only 有相同用法, if only=how I wish If only I were a cat= How I wish I were a cat.
如果我要是一只猫那就好了，if only我们就翻译成要是…就好了 How I wish 我多么希望…. 我多么希望我是一只猫啊
所以可见， If only 和 how I wish 这两个意思是一样的，所以一般看到if only也要虚拟。
If only…….要是……就好了 的虚拟
此类句型只用于与现在事实及过去事实相反的虚拟语气中。换言之， 本句型的时态只能用一般过去时或过去完成时。用法与if 类似， 是if 的一种强化。根据语气理解， 要是什么什么就好了， 主要还是说话者对现在以及过去事情的一种渴望。愿望。 所以将来中if only不用虚拟。
If only he were here. =I wish he were here. (要是他现在在这里就好了)
If only I had known it earlier. =I wish I had know it earlier. 要是我早点知道这件事就好了。
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Would rather 后宾语从句的虚拟语气
1. would rather 正常用法 后接不带to的不定式。
e.g.:
我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳. I would rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿不去看电影。 I would rather not go to see the movie. 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡 Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? 她宁可到农村去工作。She would rather work in the countryside.
今晚你最好呆在家中读点书 you would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening.. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐 Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music.
如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 If you would rather be alone, we’ll all leave here.
2．后接不用连词的that从句,从句中用虚拟语气。
我希望你现在就回家。 I would rather you went home now.
我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。I would rather my daughter attended a public school.
3. Would rather, would prefer, would sooner等后接的从句，表示“宁愿，宁可 ， 更喜欢”
① 动词用过去式表示当时现在和将来的情况，这里对于将来的虚拟， 一般就用过去时，
个人理解， 也可以跟if 一样， 用 should do, were to do, 但是不常见， 网上说法不一，没有具体说明这一块， 所以根据情况， 用动词的一般过去时就可以，也不会出错， 如果碰到特殊情况， 具体问题具体分析， 再多去记典型的就可以了。这样感觉不至于太纠结凌乱。
② 用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
E.g.．
我宁可你今天走。 I would rather you left today.
我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。 I would prefer he didn’t stay here too long. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影. I would rather hadn’t seen that film yesterday.
我宁愿你现在不要考虑这件事。I would rather you didn’t think about it for the time being. 我宁愿你明天(现在)去. I would rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你下星期六来。 I would rather you came next Saturday. 我愿你快乐。 I would rather you were happy. 我宁愿她挨着我坐。 I would rather she sat next to me.
我宁愿杰克乘前一班火车走。 I would rather jack left on an earlier train.
你总是不带我去，我可不愿意你这样。You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t. “我要不要把窗子打开”“我看不要打开好””shall I open the window?” “I would rather you didn’t 我真希望你没有这样说过。 I’d rather you hadn’t said it. 我您愿你没这样做。 I’d rather you hadn’t done that.
我宁愿你当时在场/不在场。I’d rather you had been present,/ hadn’t been present. 我宁愿他告诉了/未告诉我这件事。I’d rather he had told/ hadn’t told me about it.
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凯蒂是坐汽车去的，我宁愿她不坐汽车。Katie went by car and I’d rather she hadn’t. 4.
would rather 与 than 连用，可构成另一个惯用句式，即：would rather…than 意为 宁可/宁愿 …..(而)不要/不愿…..， 与其….不如…..。 表达主语的意愿，强调经过比较好选择做其中一件事而不愿做另一件事。
我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影. I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. .孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不乘公共汽车. The children would rather walk there than take a bus.
在使用would rather….than…句型时 ，应注意以下几点
①Than后边应该接动词原形， 但是如果than后和would rather后接的动词一样， would rather后的动词可以省略，
我宁可你现在就知道这件事,而不是以后. I would rather you know that now than afterwards.
②would rather…than 也可以改写为 would….rather than….其用法含义不变。
面对敌人,我们的战士宁死不屈. Facing enemies, our soldiers would die rather than surrender.
③有时为了表示语气上的强调，还可将rather than置于句首，、
我宁可向朋友借钱,也不愿拒绝帮助你. Rather than refuse to help you , I would borrow money from my friends.
④would rather后可跟从句,表示主语宁愿让某人干某事.从句谓语动词用虚拟语气,即用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示过去要做的事.如：
I’d rather she set out to do the work now.我宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作.
I’d rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning.但愿你明天早上能在机场见到她. I’d rather you hadn’t told him the news that day. 我真希望你那天没有把那消息告诉他.
⑤would rather后接动词的完成式,表示主语要做某事,而结果事与愿违的意思.例如： I’d rather have left a note on her desk.我本想留张字条在她书桌上的.（事实上没有留） 比较：
I’d rather I left a note on her desk.我宁可留张字条在她的书桌上.
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suggest, demand, insist, ask 这类意志动词后接的宾语从句的虚拟。
；“建议”“要求”“命令”“规定”“主张”五大类，之后用that从句作宾语时，that从句中要使用助动词should, 而 should往往予以省略。 但是 当suggest 表示“暗示”， insist若表示“坚信”maintain若表示“坚决认为”时，则之后的that从句用一般时态。 E.g.
His words suggested that he wasn’t telling a lie. 他的话中暗示他绝不是在说谎。
He insists that the job isn’t so difficult as one may think.
Is convinced Is sure 他深信这份工作没有一般人想象的那么困难。 Insist on + 动名词， 坚决要
E.g.: he insisted on doing it that way.
在主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句的虚拟语气
It is desired/ suggested/ proposed/ recommended/ necessary/ important/ strange/ natural/ a pity/ essential ＋ that 从句，从句谓语动词用should ＋ 动词原形， should可以省略。
It is strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that.
It is important that he work hard. 他努力工作是很重要的。
It is essential that this mission not fail. 这项任务不失败至关重要。 It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 废除这项税收是合适的。
另外，在有些这类结构的句子中， 主语从句的谓语由“should ＋ 动词原形”构成， 这时多带有一些情感色彩， 可译为 “竟然”等， 表示一种不可思议的状况。
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 我身上竟发生这样的事，这似乎很不公平。 I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 有人竟这样悲惨， 我感到太可怕了。 It’s strange that she should be so late. 真奇怪， 她竟然来的这样晚。 It’s natural that you should forget it. 你忘掉这事是很自然的。
That they should do such a wicked thing is unthinkable. 他们竟然做这样不道德的事真是不可
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思议。这里没有用it 做形式主语， 更多的是强调这件事 是 不可思议的。
在表语从句和同位语从句中
Suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice, + “should do” should 可以省略。
用在表语从句中的虚拟语气
My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.
Our decision is that the school remain closed. 我们的决定是学校暂不开学。
Sophia’s idea was that they should lock up the house. 索菲亚的想法是他们把屋子锁上。 My suggestion is that we take the 6:00 train. 我的建议是搭六点的火车。 Their requirement is that every member attend at least one meeting per year. 他们的要求是每个会员每年至少参加一次会议。
用在同位语从句中的虚拟语气
He made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in Japanese. 他建议他们用日语接着交谈
There have been demands that the prime minister should resign. 有人要求首相辞职
They expressed the wish that they be given more free time.
他们表示希望给他们更多的空闲时间
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女加入该协会的协议通过了
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虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
It is (high) time that…… 从句中谓语用did 或 should do, should 不能省略。译为“该……” 表示建议
It’s time to do something. 到了该做某件事的时间了。 与上述黑体字不同， it’s time that you should do something, 这是一种建议， 与 it’s time to do something 不同， should不省略，区分开。
状语从句中的虚拟语气
一般as if , as though 一般现在时和 过去时 虚拟语气用的多， 将来时中一般不用 should。
①方式状语从句
由as if 和 as though 引导的方式状语从句， 可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，
也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。 a: 与现在事实不符，用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.
这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
b. 与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。
我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）
I felt as though we had known each other for years.
c. 与将来事实不相符，用would， could， might。这个用should的情况也不多。但个人感觉也可以用， 只是不常用。也是语气的问题， 听起来用should不太合适。跟wish将来虚拟差不多一样。当表示惊讶的时候，should 译为 竟然 的时候， 将来的虚拟中也可以用should。
He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。
在这里可注意，有的地方也会说as if 、 as though 只有现在和过去两种虚拟， 没有将来的虚拟， 其实这里将来的虚拟也就是说的表示极大可能的陈述语气，没有虚拟的， 因为大都用的是looks, seem, taste, smell,等表示很可能，极大符合事实的词， 所以把这种将来的虚拟当成陈述语气， 或者把陈述语气当成将来的虚拟， 都是可以的， 个人理解。
天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨） it looks as if it might rain. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻） he looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）he looks as if he were young.
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d. as if , as though 后边的从句也常用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的，例如：
it looks as if our side is going to win. 事实上就是我们这一方占上风，很可能会赢。
e. 在look , seem, taste, smell 后， as if 引导的从句中可以用陈述语气： it looks as if they are in a terrible hurry. 看起来他们好像忙的要命。 It seems as if we shall have to walk. 看上去我们得步行了。
The meat tastes as if it has gone bad. 这肉吃起来好像已经坏了。 The milk smells as if it is sour. 这奶闻起来好像酸掉了。
f.注意 as if/ as though 之后亦可接不定式短语， 表示即将发生的状况， 个人理解其实也就是有极大可能性的真实陈述语气。
She opened her lips as if (she was going ) to speak.她张开双唇， 好像有话要说。
②目的状语从句
A: 由in case, lest, for fear that 引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should ＋ 动词原形结构”表示忧虑或目的。Should 可以省略 0
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.
请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.
b. 在 in order that 和 so that 引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could) 或 may (might). I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
③让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气，若从句内容表示现在和将来
的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。用 should、would, might . could 都可省略， 一般should might用的比较多。
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(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：
Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。
Even if , even though
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了，仍有一线希望
I should say the same ting even if he were here.
即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。
Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part. 不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.
不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law 一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。
（2）在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter, wh- 词等引导的让步状语从句中， 从句虚拟语气结构为：
a: may ＋ 动词原形 （指现在或将来）
we will find him wherever/ no matter where he may be I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
b： may ＋ 完成式 （指过去）主句结构不限
you mustn’t be proud whatever/ no matter what great progress you may have made. We must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.
对于状语从句的虚拟， 如果看的比较凌乱，也可参考这个链接里讲的
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其他不常见的虚拟语气---可了解一下
一.
What if……should….? 要是…..的话会怎样/ 要怎么办？ 本句型乃表示对将来状况存疑的虚拟语气， if从句多置助动词should。
What if he should come?
= what might happen if he should come Could (I) we do 要是他来了会怎样/ 怎么办？ What if it should rain?
= what might happen if it should rain? Could I (we) do 要是下雨了怎么办？
*what if 之后亦可用一般现在时， 故上列例句亦可改为如下：
What if he comes?
=what shall we do if he comes? What if it rains?
= what may happen if it rains?
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二．
对过去事物的猜测的三种句型。
a. must have + 过去分词 一定曾经……..
He is learned, he must have received a good education. 他博学多闻， 一定受过良好的教育。 b. may have + 过去分词 可能曾经………. He look tired, he may have stayed up late last night. 他看起来很疲倦， 可能昨晚熬夜到很晚。 c. cannot have + 过去分词 不可能曾经…….. he is honest, he cannot have stolen Mary’s money. 注意：若表猜测的结构为疑问句时， 要用 can…..have….? 句型
May he have done it? × Can he have done it? √ 他可能做了这样的事吗？
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三．
Didn’t need to + 原形动词 与 need not have + p.p. 的区别 Didn’t need to + 原形动词 乃表示过去的事实， 即 不必…..同时亦没有如此做。
need not have + p.p. 乃表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气， 即 不必……但却这么做了。
As I had enough money, I didn’t need to borrow any from him. 由于钱够， 我当时不必向他借钱--------而且我也没有借 Since you had enough money, you needn’t have borrowed money from me.
既然你的钱够用， 你原本不必向我借贷， 但为什么你还是借了些钱呢?
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