现代语言学自考历年真题2011 1-2001 10 全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.
(2% × 10=20% )
1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( ) A. creation B. communication C. comprehension D. perception 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( ) A. affricates B. stops C. velars D. palatals
3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( ) A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional
4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( ) A. modifier B. determiner C. qualifier D. specifier
5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( ) A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referent C. Sense, reference D. Referent, sense
6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary
7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( ) A. in word-initial B. in word-middle C. in word-final D. in syllable-initial
8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________.
( )
A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect
9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area B. Broca’s area C. Wernicke’s area D. the angular gyrus
10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the
first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.
12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics. 13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.
14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.
15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.
16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i . 17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.
18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.
19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 . 20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming\" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian
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not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics. 22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．
23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word． 24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function． 25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．
26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27． ( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．
28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.
29． ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．
30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’ “the younger the better”．
IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration
where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% ) 31.displacement 32.voicing 33.morpheme 34.finite clause
35.componential analysis 36.declarations 37.epenthesis 38.speech variety
39.linguistic relativism
40.the nativist view of language acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20% )
41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a
distinction?
42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.
2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案
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I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )
1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.
A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural
2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds
3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme
4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.
A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic
5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （ ） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath.
Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（ ）
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全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题
A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner
7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to
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be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.
A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviating
8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.
A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory
9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （ ） A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory organs
10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （ ）
A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.
12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.
14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.
15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.
16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.
17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.
18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c . 19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.
20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）
21.（ ）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.
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22.（ ）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs
is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.
23.（ ）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always
perceived from the meanings of its components.
24.（ ）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer
to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.
25.（ ）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X.
So if Y is true, X must be true.
26.（ ）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall
into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.
27.（ ）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks],
but the word asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.
28.（ ）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard
varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.
29.（ ）Language is the only means of expressing thought.
30.（ ）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the
ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instruction V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )
41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples. 42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?
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2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案
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全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of
the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )
1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( ) A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance
2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( ) A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( ) A. two rootsB. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( ) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents
5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.
A. Plato B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield
6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )
A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary
7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（ ） A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian
8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )
A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning 9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing.
A. right B. left C. front D. back
10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D. career-oriented examination 第 9 页
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II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%) 11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.
12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.
13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of
s to form a new word.
14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences. 15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular
are in relationship of c homonyms.
16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.
18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety. 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language acquisition.
III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)
21.（ ）According to Hall (1968), language is \"the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.\" Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of \"habitually used symbols.\"
22.（ ）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in
principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
23.（ ）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they
modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.
24.（ ）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and
S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the two levels look different.
25.（ ）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”. 26.（ ）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and
“performatives”.
27.（ ）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By
analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.
28.（ ）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name
(e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.
29.（ ）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere
are able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.
30.（ ）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early
language
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36.commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference
V. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )
41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language with examples.
42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought. 全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the
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brackets. (2% × 10=20% )
1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ( ) A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competence
2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )
A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable
3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( ) A. phoneme B. word C. compound D. morpheme
4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( ) A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic
5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( ) A. “buy” and “sell” B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold” D. “alive” and “dead” 6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.
A. directives B. declarationsC. commissives D. representatives
7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( ) A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative
8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( ) A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational
called ______.( )
A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex
10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes. ( ) A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,
the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )
11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p . 12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.
14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic
analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is
possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.
17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter
languages is called the comparative method.
18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and
9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells
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value judgements.
19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that
human’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities. 20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit
from an
i motivation.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put
a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )
21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in
world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. 22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word
begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.
23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the
meaning of the compound.
24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to
generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length. 25. ( ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included
in Y.
26. ( ) Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and
are not verifiable.
27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”
results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.
28. ( ) One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in
many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.
29. ( ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated
in a single area of the left hemisphere.
30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be
explained by mother tongue interference.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )
41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s speech shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.
42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples. 第 12 页
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全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题
I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of
under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( ) A. vocabulary
B. pronunciation C. morphology
D. syntax
8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )
A. bilingualism B. multilingualism C. diglossia D. code-switching
9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( ) A. Wernicke’s
B. Broca’s C. Gage’s D. Genie’s
10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam casual and spontaneous conversation
II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.
12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could
D.
the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)
1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. A. sounds units B. sound features C. phonemes D. allophones
2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )
A. writing B. orthography C. transcription D. phonology
3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( ) A. Bound
B. Free C. Inflectional D. Derivational
4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( ) A. Lexical B. Phrasal C. Semantic
D. Logical
5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute
6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )
A. performative B. constative C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary
7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England
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also be described as a sequence of two vowels.
13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.
14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause.
15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.
16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·
17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.
18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects s in society. 19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.
20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.
III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.
Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)
21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.
22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants. 23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.
24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.
25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.
26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly.
27. ( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.
28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.
29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.
30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single
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human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.
IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)
31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move 35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisition
V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)
41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.
1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table. 3) I think that you are from the South.
42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.
全国2008年10月自学考试现代语言学试题
I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of
A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectional
4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as parts of speech.( ) A. verbs
B. nouns C. phrases D. categories
5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( ) A. complete homonyms in the utterance.( )
A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representatives
7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )
A. English B. Sanskrit C. German
D. Danish
8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( ) A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political
9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )
A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speak
B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain
C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back
D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front
B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones
6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified
the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )
A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth
2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )
A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives
3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )
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10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )
A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%) 11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.
12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.
13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.
14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”
15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.
16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.
17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.
18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.
19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______,
which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.
20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.
22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.
23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.
24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.
25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.
26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.
27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).
28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns
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something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”
29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.
30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)
31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. hierarchical structure
36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high variety40. right ear advantage
V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.
42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.
全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)
1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before a vowel or an alveolar consonant, before a _____, for example, inoperable
before a labial consonant, and , indiscrete
A. velar C. fricative
, and inconceivable . ( ) B. palatal D. stop
2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( ) A. sounds C. pitches
B. patterns D. features
3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( ) A. syntactic C. semantic
B. morphological D. phonological
4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( ) A. heads
B. specifiers
C. lexical items D. obligatory words
5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( ) A. contextual C. behaviorist
B. conceptualist D. mentalist
6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( ) A. sense C. sentence
B. concept D. context
, impossible
7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine
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the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists. A. geographical C. typological
B. genetic D. functional
12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words. 13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.
14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________. 15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage.
16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______. 17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.
19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body. 20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put
a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct
8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( ) A. variant C. variable
B. variation D. euphemism
9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( ) A. it confirms the critical period hypothesis
B. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilities C. language can not be acquired at all after the critical period
D. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop
10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( ) A. three and half C. five
B. four D. six
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s .
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version. （2%×10=20%）
21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.
22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops
and the voiceless unaspirated stops
He don’t know nothing. He don’t like nobody. He ain’t got none.
29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.
30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.
IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.（3%×10=30%）
31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole
38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivation V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?
42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.
occur in the same phonemic context or environment.
23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.
24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.
25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.
26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.
27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.
28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :
全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20%)
1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any
_______________system of communication. A. artificial B. non-linguistic
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C. animal D. abstract
2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords 3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. root D. stem
4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,
i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics
5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________.
A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules
6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ . A. clause B. speech C. utterance D. predication
7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin. A. the British scholar Sir William Jones B. the German linguist Franz Bopp C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask D. the German scholar Jacob Grimm 8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,
in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community. A. geographically B. linguistically C. socially D. psycholinguistically
9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______.
A. less than 1000 years B. over 2000 years C. less than 2000 years D. over 3000 years
10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language.
A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the
first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language. 12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are
transmitted through the air from one person to another.
13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.
14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five
general types of things we do with language.
17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of
change in language elements and language systems.
18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and
socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.
19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.
20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires
little conscious i on the part of adults. llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and little [lIt], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [lυf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different
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sounds.
23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.
24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.
25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.
26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.
27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.
28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.
29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself. 30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the theory37.complementary antonyms
38.conversational implicature39.language planning40.psycholinguistics V.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41．Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription. 42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model. 全国2007年1月高等教育自学考试
Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in
naming
the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1． The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of（ ） A．phonology C．auditory phonetics
B．articulatory phonetics D．acoustic phonetics
2．The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT（ ） A．long C．closed
B．rounded D．central
3．The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls on（ ） A．the second syllable
C．both the first and second syllables
B．the first syllable
D．either the first or the second syllable
4．When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in
passive transformation in English, we are（ ）the noun phrase to the left. A．rewriting C．maintaining
B．postposing D．preposing
5．Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as A．contextualism C．conceptualism
B．behaviourism D．the naming theory
6．The illocutionary point of the （ ） is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A．representatives C．expressives
B．commissives D．directives
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7．Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym for gymnasium. This process is sometimes called（ ） A．blending C．clipping
B．abbreviating D．compounding
12.The f intonation in English usually indicates that there is an implied message in what the speaker says.
13.The affix“hood” is a n -forming suffix that can be added to the end of stems, such as child, boy, man, etc.
14.X-bar theory refers to a general and highly a schema that can reduce the redundancies of individual phrase structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.
8．The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between high and low language varieties in a _______ situation, on the other hand, are parallel but not identical. A．diglossic C．linguistic
B．bilingual D．sociolinguistic
15.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .
16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.
17.Language changes can be associated with major social changes caused by wars, invasions, colonialization and colonial settlement, cultural and economic advances, or socio-economics
18.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s variation, in one form or another.
19.It is known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain . The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .
20.The C Analysis approach was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct
第 22 页
9．The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over（ ）years. A．10000 C．2000
B．5000 D．1000
10．（ ） motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language. A．Instrumental C．Integrative
B．Functional D．Social
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,
the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11.Traditional grammarians tried to tell people what was good usage and what was bad usage by setting models for language users to follow. Thus their approach to the study of language was p .
23
version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.
22.( )If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark , but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.
23. ( )A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence.
24.( )The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesn’t indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence. 25.( )English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare. 26.( )The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts. 27.( )In Old English the main negation element was “ne”.Like Modern English“not”,the “ne”usually occurred after the auxiliary verb.
28.( )A pidgin is ordinarily a simplified version of one of the languages, usually European, such as English, modified in the direction of the other and characterized by an absence of any complex grammar, and its vocabulary is also very limited. 29.( )The nerve cells that form the surface of the brain are called the cortex, which serves as the intellectual decision-maker, receives messages from the sensory organs, and initiates all voluntary actions.
30.( )Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration if necessary.(3%×10=30%) 31.arbitrariness32.assimilation rule33.embedded clause 34.syntactic category35.sense36.Grimm’s Law
37.code-switching38.psycholinguistics39.dichotic listening40.error analysis Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components? Support your argument with examples.
42.Which maxim does B’s utterance in the following conversation violate? Does the violation give rise to conversational implicature? If it does, what is the implicature? [A is talking with B about a film they have seen.] A: The film was good. Don’t you think so?
B: The music was nice.
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing,
which is a feature of（ ） A．all consonants
C．all consonants and some vowels
B．vowels only
D．all vowels and some consonants
2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（ ） A．deletion C．phonetic
B．assimilation D．sequential
3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.第 23 页
24
（ ） A．two roots
C．a root and a free morpheme
B．a root and a suffix D．a prefix and a root
9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of
_____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language. A．1-2 C．1-12
B．2-12 D．13-18
4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right. A．rewriting
B．preposing
10．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one
language. What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. A．behaviorist C．mentalist
B．nativist D．empiricist
C．postposing D．maintaining
5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms? A．complementary C．superordinate
B．relational D．gradable
6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（ ） A．one-place predication C．three-place predication
B．two-place predication D．no-place predication
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,
the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of language data.
12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the
7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________. A．SOV C．VSO
B．SVO D．OSV
p________________ medium of language. 13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due to their r________________ properties. 14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.
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8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（ ） A．regional C．ethnic
B．standard D．situational
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15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship between X and Y is i_________________
16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, sound a________________ and sound movement. 18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable in f_________________ styles of language. 19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones, two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.
20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences. Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.
22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with sentences.
23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between
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its components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention. 24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.
25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.
26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.
27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader. 28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.
29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the left hemisphere of the brain.
30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemiccontrast32.freemorphemes33.hierarchicalstructure34.co-hyponyms35.utterancemeaning36.perlocutionaryact37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speech Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication system.
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42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingual communities have one thing in common? 全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as . A. Chinese
C. Chinese and English A. the velum C. the glottis A. bound morphemes C. free morphemes A. phase structure rules C. lexical rules
A. the Greek scholar Plato C. the British linguist J. Firth A. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky
B. English
D. English and French B. the vocal cords D. the uvula B. affixes D. roots B. syntactic rules D. transformational rules B. C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards D. the American linguist L. Bloomfield B. John Searle D. John Firth
church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast. A. registers C. dialects A. Psycholinguistics C. Linguistics
B. styles D. accents B. Sociolinguistics D. Semantics
9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.
10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin . A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old
D. between four and five years old
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,
the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for human communication.
12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.
13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.
14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause. 15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s features.
16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer.
17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.
18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.
2. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .
3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .
4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called . 5. The naming theory was proposed by .
6. Speech act theory was first proposed by . 7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time, without reference to earlier or later stages. A. Diachronic C. Historical
B. Synchronic D. Comparative
8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a
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19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . 20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited
number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language.
22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all languages.
23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to
change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to any Case receiving position.
24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.
25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed. 26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same
purpose or the same illocutionary point.
27. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from
another language and adds it to its lexicon.
28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of
language.
29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal
cords.
30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to
gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when
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their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets
positively reinforced.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis 39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speech Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.
42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).
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2005年10月自考现代语言学试题答案
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全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study. A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date
D. descriptive
2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory
D. none of the above three
3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ). A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones
D. phones
4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters
D. minimalist programme
5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).
A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis
D. proposition analysis
6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act
D. constative act
7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).
A. Sir William Jones
B. John Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure
8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).
A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching C. social role-switching D. code-switching
9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).
A. second language B. first language C. foreign language D. interlanguage
10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).
A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 4800 二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)
11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.
12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.
13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.
14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different
meanings.
15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.
16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. 17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.
19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. 30
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This is known as language t________.
20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )
22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )
23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )
24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( ) 25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )
26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )
27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )
28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes,
sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( ) 29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )
30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( ) 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense and reference
36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. the critical
period hypothesis
40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation
五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分) 41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?
42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. King: Where is Polonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i’ the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii
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入我们吧！
全国2004年10月高等教育自学考试
现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830
Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole
D. performance
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2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature
of ( ).
A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial
D. dental 3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. A. L. Bloomfield B. F. Saussure C. N. Chomsky
D.M. A. K. Halliday
4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to
particular values. A. Adjacent Condition B. parameters C. Case Condition
D. Case requirement
5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive
D. collocational
6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the
utterance. A. representatives B. commissives C. expressives
D. declaratives 7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ). A. Middle English B. Old English C. French
D. Norman French
8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety. A. genetic B. social C. direct
D. close
9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with
syntax. A. Werniker’s B. visual C. motor
D. Broca’s
10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative
D. Social
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
d . 12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.
13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.
15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.
16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.
18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.
19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.
20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations 32
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for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species. Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)
21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％) 31. assimilation rule 32. root
33. bound morphemes 34. surface structure 22. ( 23. ( 24. ( 25. ( 26. ( 27. ( 28. ( 29. ( 30 (
still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/,
occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.
) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second
element, without exception.
) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of
a part to the whole.
) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in
terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of
performative verbs.
) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of
exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.
) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The
differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.
) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is
language-dominant.
) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same
number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
35. grammaticality 36. elaboration 37. bilingualism 38. creole
39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. fossilization
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)
41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called
suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.
42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.
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2004年10月自学考试现代语言学试卷答案
1.1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C II. 11. descriptive 12. obstruction
13. Morpheme 14. AUX. movement 15. Reference 16.constatives 17. approximates 18. speech
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19. nonverbal 20. language III. 21. F 22. F 23. F 24. T 25. F 26. F 27. F 28. F 29. F 30.T
IV. 31. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by \"copying\" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
32. A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. Such roots are numerous in English.. For example, the root \"geo - \"bears the meaning of \"the earth”; when it combines with another root” - ology,\" meaning \"a branch of learning,\" We get the word \"geology,\" which means \"the sundy of the earth's structure.\"
33. Such as -er,-en, dis-, bio-,-less,-sym. These morphemes cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. They are called bound morphemes.
34. What syntactic movement suggests for the study of the grammar is that a sentence structure may have two levels of syntactic representation, one that exists before movement takes place, and the other that occurs after movement takes place. This observation is well supported by the data we examined above. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representations are commonly termed as D-structure (or the deep structure) and S - structure (roughly meaning the surface structure).
35. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i. e., its grammatical
well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 36. Although simplification, regularization and internal borrowing do seem to account for some changes in the grammar, they fail to account for some other changes, such as rule elaboration or addition. Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. Language seems to maintain a balance in expressiveness and grammatical elaboration over time.
37. Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. 38. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.
39. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as it came to be called, is best represented in Whorf's well-known statement that \"we cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way -- an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language. \"
40. An explanation provided for this break in learning is that a learner's interlanguage fossilized some way short of target language competence while the internalized rule system contained rules that are different from those of the target language system. The fossilization of the learner's interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.
V. 41. So far we have been dealing with the phonemes -- sound segments that distinguish meaning. But distinctive features can also be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone.
Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.
When we say that a certain syllable of a word is stressed, we mean that the syllable is pronounced with greater force than the other or others. Therefore, stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic words, i.e., words of only one syllable, can not be said to have word stress. For example, student, repeat.
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But the location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, ‘import n. –im’port v. ‘increase n. –in’creae v.
Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words in English are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns; To give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in a sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed. For example, in the sentence: He is driving my car, the words that are normally stressed are the main verb driving and the noun car, the rest being unstressed.But to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.
The meaning - distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. English is not a tone language. Our mother tongue Chinese is a typical tone language, it has four tones. The first tone is level(阴平) , the second rise(阳平), the third fall -rise(上声), and the fourth fall (去声). The role of the tone can bewell illustrated by pronouncing the same sound combination such as \"ma\" in the four different tones:
Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Compare the following three different versions of saying the same sentence : (1) That' s ‘ not the ' book he ' wants. (2) That's not the book he ,wants. (3) ‘That' s , not the , book he , wants.
42. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present
or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word \"man\" is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, + MALE.
One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain
words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. For example, the two words \"man\" and \"woman\" share the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, and + ANIMATE, but differ in the feature of MALE.. And the words \"man\" and” boy\" share the features of + HUMAN, + ANIMATE, and + MALE, but differ in the feature of ADULT.
Of course, it would be senseless to analyze the meaning of every word by breaking it into its meaning components. But it provides an insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the relationships between words that are related in meaning.
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全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试
I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language
2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form
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4. In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________. A. is equal to B. consists of f___________ morpheme.
14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, C. has D. generates
5. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with
6. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances
8. In a speech community people have something in common __________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically
9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________. A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning
10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year. A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.
12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.
13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a
“but”, “or”.
15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s . 16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.
17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.
18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “s speech,” and speech as “overt thought.” In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.
25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
27. ( ) In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.
28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in
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Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortex
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.
42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner’s acquisition of a second language.
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`全国2002年10月高等教育自学考试
Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______. A. arbitrary B.non-arbitrary C. logical D.non-productive
2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.
3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______. A.phrase structure B.surface structure C.syntactic structure D.deep structure
4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and
object positions.
A.Case Condition B.Adjacent Condition C.parameter D.Adjacent parameters
5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.
A.polysemy B.hyponymy C.antonymy D.homonymy
6.The utterance \"We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week.\"obviously violates the maxim of ______. A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manner
7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.
A.use B.accept C.generalize D.reconstruct
8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications. A.language interpretation B.language identification C.language choice D.language planning
9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? ______.
A.Cerebral cortex B.Neurons C.Eyes D.Angular gyrus
10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.
A.the copula verb \"be\" B.inflectional morphemes C.function words D.content words
Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
11.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.
12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.
13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.
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14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP \"the boy who likes his puppy\" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.
15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,\"to suggest that someone should see the doctor\" should fall into the category of _d________. 16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________. 17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.
18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.
19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.
20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the
ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is
focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. 24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by
following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.
25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example,
\"female\" occurs only in nouns such as \"mother\so on but not in other parts of speech.
26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering,
advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.
27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought
to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus \"peddle\" was derived from \"peddler\" on the mistaken assumption that the \"-er\" was the agentive suffix.
28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and
sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.
29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human
degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.
30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and
therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing
37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguage Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.
42.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples.
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全国2001年10月自学考试现代语言学试题
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项
中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.( ) A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language
D.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )
A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk
3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula \"S→NP
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VP\".( )
A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical
4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )
A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence
6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )
A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives
7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title
C.title alone D.first name+last name+title
9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \"subvocal speech,\" and speech as \"_______\".( ) A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought
10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )
A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation
B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)
11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with
other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.
12.Clear ［1］ and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take
the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.
13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it
bears clear, definite meaning.
14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the
other.
15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the
characteristic of c________ antonyms.
16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________
is concrete and context-dependent.
17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For
example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.
18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than
one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________,
which is specific to human beings.
20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first
language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.
三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正
者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being
before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a
long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words. ( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and
“The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.
( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in
different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that
presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern
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English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
( )28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is
not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.
( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a
language successfully later on.
( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and
the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)
31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32.phonic medium of language33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionary act37.protolanguage38.ethnic dialect39.registers40.acculturation 五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)
41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear
structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.
42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月自考现代语言学试题参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism19.lateralization 20.transfer
三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words.24.T
25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions \"morning star\" and \" evening star.\" They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T
27.F The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the \" more difficult\" sounds.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)
31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the
ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.
32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication,
i.e.the speech sounds.
33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the
vocal cords.
34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal
relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the
relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, \"The dog is barking,\" we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word \"dog\" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word \"dog\".
36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act
of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying \"You have left the door wide open\locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to
exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.
38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional
differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech
situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the
second language community.
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)
41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a
hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to
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most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
For example, the phrase \" the old men and women\" may have two
interpretations, i.e.the adjective \"old”may modify the noun \"menwo nouns \"men and women\".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.
NP NP
NP NP NP NP
The old men and the women the old men and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of
perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.
When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to
Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the
auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular
gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.
浙江省2002年1月高等教育自学考试
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的
序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British
scholar .( )
A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )
A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows: .( )
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )
A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.( ) A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )
A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( ) A.Linguistic geography B.Lexicology
C.Lexicography D.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( ) A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.
12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.
13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract
meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.
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14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several
languages fluently.
15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说
明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is
grammatically called predicate.( )
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )
21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( ) 22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。( )
23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( ) 24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( ) 25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( ) 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.general linguistics27.suprasegmental features28.root and stem29.hierarchical structure35.contrastive analysis
30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic
rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 浙江省2003年1月高等教育自学考试
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. ( ) A. Cultural transmission B. Displacement
C. Duality of structure D. Prescriptivism
2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. ( ) A. aspiration B.nasality C. obstruction D. voicing
3. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it. ( ) A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
4. “ We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met” is a sentence. ( ) A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D.simple
5. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______. ( ) A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy
6. “Interviewer” and “ interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites. ( ) A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational 7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contr ibution be relevant to the conversation. ( )
A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner
8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic languages were known as ______Law. ( )
A. Bopp's B. Grimm's C. Jones' D. Rask's
9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes . ( ) A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creole
C. regional dialect...lingua franca D. lingua franca...regional dialect
10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and produce “foots”. This is called ______. ( ) A. assimilation B. transfer
C. overgeneralization D. underextension
二、填空题(在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。每空1分，共16分) 1. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, l______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; p is its realization in actual use. 2. Language is a system of a______ vocal symbols for human communication.
3. M______ studies how words are formed, while s studies how words are combined to form sentences.
4. In the study of meaning, s______ is only concerned with relations between linguistic elements; r______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and nonlinguistic world of experience.
5. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker's violation of the
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cooperational principle.
6. S______ are varieties of languages used by people belonging to particular social classes; e______ dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged social class; i______ is a personal dialect.
7. In the second language acquisition, there is supposed to be a c period, which lasts from age two to puberty.
8. The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l______.
9. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while i______ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.
10. I______ is an approximate language system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner's transitional competence in the target language. 三、判断改错题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内打“T”，错的打“F”，并改正。每小题2分，共20分。)
1. Synchronic study describes language as it changes through time. ( ) 2. Monosyllabic words can also have word stress. ( ) 3. All affixes are bound morphemes. ( )
4. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”. ( )
5. In pragmatics, utterance meaning is concrete and contextindependent .( ) 6. Only sociological factors contribute to language change. ( ) 7. The word UN is an abbreviation, while TV is an acronym. ( ) 8. Euphemisms may serve as substitutes for taboo words. ( )
9. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language determine thought. ( )
10. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar. ( ) 四、名词解释(并至少举一例加以说明。每小题4分，共24分)
1. derivational morpheme2. stylistic synonyms3. illocutionary act4. blending5. standard language6. telegraphic speech
五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）
1.Tell the difference between phone, phoneme and allophone.
2.For each of the following two sentences, draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that will reveal the difference in the relationship between John and please. 1)John is eager to please. 2)John is easy to please . 浙江省2004年1月高等教育自学考试
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的
序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of
( ).
A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing
2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ). A. phonetics B. morphology C. syntax D. semantics
3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue
4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms. A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic
5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ). A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. antonymy
6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” ( ) “He ran the red light”. A. entails B. contradicts C. presupposes D. includes 7. The word “lab” is formed through ( ). A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation
8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production. A. Angular gyrus B. Broca’s area C. The right hemisphere D. Wernicke’s area
9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means ( ). A. + Human B. + Human + Adult C. + Human + Adult – Male D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent 10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature. A. Aspiration B. Intonation C. Stress D. Tone
二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）
43
44
1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.
2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.
3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.
4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.
5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent. 10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “the child” is both a structural and logical object. ( )
四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分）
1. duality2. phoneme3. complex sentence4. reference5. perlocutionary act6. linguistic taboo 五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）
1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: A: Where’ve you been? B: Out.
2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: 6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.
7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.
8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.
9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language. 10. A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.
11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________. 三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。（每
小题2分，共20分）
1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ( )
2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( ) 3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( ) 4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( ) 5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )
6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a
speech
community. ( )
7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates
after the
critical period. ( )
8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( ) 9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］,
due to
assimilation. ( )
specialize , indisputable, ungentlemanliness (每个语素0. 5分)
individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, 44
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