2023全国高考北京卷英语阅读D篇
---人工生命
什么是人工生命?
生命是指通过人工手段创造出来的具有生命特征和功能的实体或系统。人工生命的研究领域涉及生物学、计算机科学、哲学等多个学科,旨在探索生命的本质和产生生命的原理,以及利用人工手段创造出新的生命形式或模拟生命活动。
人工生命的研究和应用包括以下几个方面:
1、人工生命模型:通过计算机模拟或实验室中的生物化学实验,构建出具有生命特征的人工生命模型,以研究生命的起源、演化和自组织等基本规律。
2、人工生命体:利用生物工程技术或生物合成技术,创造出具有生命特征和功能的人工生命体,如合成细胞、合成基因组等,以实现生物医学、工业生产等方面的应用。
3、生命仿真和人工智能:利用计算机模拟和人工智能技术,构建出具有自主行为和学习能力的人工生命体或人工生命系统,以模拟和研究生物的行为、认知和进化等方面的问题。
4、生命辅助技术:利用人工生命的原理和技术,开发出一系列能够辅助生命活动的技术产品和服务,如生物传感器、生物计算机等。
2023北京卷D篇阅读
What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life
and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
什么是生活?像大多数伟大的问题一样,这个问题很容易问,但很难回答。原因很简单:我们只知道一种生命类型,用一种样本量进行科学研究是很有挑战性的。人工生命领域简称ALife,是阐明生命基本原理的系统尝试。这些从业者中的许多人,即所谓的ALifer,认为以某种方式创造生命是真正理解生命的最可靠的方式。
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”
到目前为止,还没有人令人信服地制造出人造生命。这一记录使ALife成为一个成熟的批评对象,比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦·史密斯已经厌倦了这种抱怨。他说,询问ALife的“要点”可能完全没有抓住要点。“生活系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”阿兰说。“有些人问我,‘那么人造生命的价值是什么?’你有没有想过,‘你祖母的价值是多少?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用,但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报。人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引(演化). 这是一个系统创造本质上无尽复杂性的能力,是一种“新奇生成器”。目前已知的唯一能展示这一点的系统是地球的生物圈。如果ALife领域能够在某种虚拟模型中重现生命无尽的“创造力”,那么同样的原理可能会产生真正有创造力的机器。
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
与人工智能的发展相比,人工智能的进步更难被认可。一个原因是
ALife是一个中心概念——生命本身——尚未定义的领域。ALifer之间缺乏一致性也于事无补。其结果是一系列不同的项目,每个项目都沿着各自独特的道路前进。无论好坏,ALife都反映了它所研究的主题。它很混乱的进展与形成地球生物圈的进化斗争是惊人的相似。
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something:perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
ALife不受约束和控制,驱使其追随者重新利用旧思想并创造新事物。当然,这些特征可能并不令人惊讶或奇怪。它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。归根结底,生活可能没什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情:也许,就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样,ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的。
31.Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案解析】
31.选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. 可知,人造生命不受约束和控制,驱使其追随者重新利用旧思想并创造新事物。But even this dismissal suggests something:perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情:也许,就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样,ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的。可知,作者认为ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的,是大势所趋。所以作者是支持人造生命,故选A。
32.选C。词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution .(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知,人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处,可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引,所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
33.选B。推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution.(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”,根据cousin可知,ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
34.选D。主旨大意题。根据第一段What is life? The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.可知全文的主旨,重点应该是围绕artificial life,ALife,making life关键词进行展开讨论。标题应该凸显这个主旨。AB两个选项都在强调AI(人工智能的作用);C项ALife Be Defined One Day强调Defined,很明显与全文的核心概念make Artificial Life 不符合。D选项Create ALife与原文主旨符合,是最合适的标题。故选D。
词汇积累
1、a sample size of 一个样本大小 2、for short 简称为
3、systematic [ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk] (adj.)系统的 4、spell out 详细说明
5、fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmɛntəl] (adj.)基本的 6、principle [ˈprɪnsəpl] (n.)原则 7、practitioner [prækˈtɪʃənər] (n.)从业者 8、so-called [ˌsoʊˈkɔld] (adj.)所谓的
9、convincingly [kənˈvɪnsɪŋli] (adv.)令人信服地 10、make artificial life 创造人工生命 11、a ripe target for一个成熟的目标 12、declaration [ˌdɛkləˈreɪʃən] (n.)宣言
13、a complexity scientist [ kəmˈplɛksəti ] 一个复杂性科学家 14、be tired of 对…感到厌倦
15、complaint [kəmˈpleɪnt] (n.)抱怨 16、entirely [ɪnˈtaɪrli] (adv.)完全地 17、emphasize [ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz] (v.)强调 18、application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən] (n.)应用 19、Payoff [ˈpeɪɔf] (n.)回报 20、cousin [ˈkʌzn] (n.)表亲
21、a striking parallel to 与…有惊人的相似之处 22、enamor [ɪnˈæmər] (v.)迷恋 23、concept [ˈkɒnsɛpt] (n.)概念 24、open-ended evolution开放式演化 25、capacity [kəˈpæsəti] (n.)能力 26、essentially [ɪˈsɛnʃəli] (adv.)本质上 27、complexity [kəmˈplɛksəti] (n.)复杂性 28、novelty [ˈnɒvəlti] (n.)新奇
29、generator [ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtər] (n.)发生器 30、exhibit [ɪgˈzɪbɪt] (v.)展示 31、biosphere [ˈbaɪoʊˌsfɪr] (n.)生物圈 32、reproduce [ˌriːprəˈduːs] (v.)繁殖
33、in some virtual model 在某个虚拟模型中 34、give rise to 引起
35、undefined [ˌʌndɪˈfaɪnd] (adj.)未定义的 36、a diverse line of多样的系列 37、Unique [juˈnik] (adj.)独特的 38、for better or worse 无论好坏 39、mirror [ˈmɪrər] (v.)反映
40、progression [prəˈɡrɛʃən] (n.)进展 41、a striking parallel 惊人的相似之处 42、repurpose [riːˈpɜrpəs] (v.)重新利用 43、generated [ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɪd] (adj.)生成的 44、singular [ˈsɪŋɡjələr] (adj.)独特的 45、ultimately [ˈʌltɪmətli] (adv.)最终地 46、dismissal [dɪsˈmɪsəl] (n.)解雇
47、unavoidable [ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbəl] (adj.)不可避免的
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