错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是受汉语意思的影响而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然地用错等。如:
(1) 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。 误:She called on his office yesterday. 正:She called at his office yesterday.
析:call表示“拜访”时,若后接地点,用介词at;若后接人,用介词on。 (2) 太阳从东方升起。
误:The sun rises from the east. 正:The sun rises in the east.
析:误句主要是因受汉语意思影响而错。 (3) 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time. / Below his help, I finished it in time. 正:With his help, I finished it in time. 析:汉语说“在某人的帮助下”,但英语中的help前习惯上不用under或below,而用with。 (4) 他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places. 正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.
析:during是介词,不是连词,所以其后不能接句子。 漏用介词实例分析
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响而用错等。如:
(1) 你们应该用英语彼此交谈。
误:You should talk each other in English. 正:You should talk to each other in English.
析:talk表示“交谈”时是不及物动词,后接宾语时要借助介词。 (2) 他的话值得一听。
误:What he said is worth listening. 正:What he said is worth listening to.
析:因句子主语与worth 后的动名词 listening 有动宾关系,所以不及物动词listen 应加上介词to。
(3) 他坚持送她回家。
误:He insisted seeing her home. 正:He insisted on seeing her home.
析:insist 表示“坚持”时,若后接名词、代词、动名词作宾语,需借助介词on;若后接 that 从句作宾语则不用介词。如:He insisted that he should see her home. (4) 他喝了一口茶,又继续讲故事。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story.
析:go on后可接不定式或动名词,但不直接跟名词,接名词要用 go on with。 (5) 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:My mother still regards me a child. 正:My mother still regards me as a child.
析:regard 后不接双宾语,要表示“把„看作„”,英语用 regard„as„结构。 想当然误加介词实例分析
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错等。如:
(1) 我看见她进了银行。
误:I saw her enter into the bank. 正:I saw her enter the bank.
析:enter表示“进入(某场所)”时,是及物动词,后接宾语时不用介词。 (2) 他同一位护士结了婚。 误:He married with [to] a nurse. 正:He married a nurse.
析:marry 的意思是“与„结婚”,是及物动词,不要按汉语意思后接介词 with。 (3) 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul. 正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 析:serve的意思是“为„服务”,是及物动词,其后宾语不能用介词。 (4) 他在这儿有很多朋友。
误:He has a great many of friends here. 正:He has a great many friends here. 析:与a lot of, a great deal of, a great number of 等不同,a great many 后接名词时通常不用介词of,除非其后接的名词有 the, these, my, Tom’s 等修饰。 比较:
a great many trees 许多树
a great many of these trees 这些树当中的许多。
一.时间介词的用法辨析
1.
时间介词in、on、at、by的用法辨析
A. 介词in用来表示一天中某段时间,指天、年、月、季节、周次等。如:in the morning
B. 介词on用来表示某一天或星期几,指明具体的时间。如:on a rainy day
C. 介词at用来表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等。如:at noon D. 介词by表示„的时候、到、等到„已经等用在天、时间的前面。如:by 2 o‘clock
2.
时间介词in与after 的用法辨析
. 介词in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go to school in two weeks.
A. 介词after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。如:My mother came home after half an hour.
B. 介词after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
3.
时间介词for与since的用法辨析
. 介词for 表示一段时间如:I have been living here for 10 years.
A. 介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来如:I have been living here since 2000.
4.
时间介词during与for的用法辨析
. 当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during如:He swims every day during the summer.
A. 如果一段时间不明确则用介词for如:I haven’t seen her for years.
5.
时间介词before与by的用法辨析
. 介词before表示“在„之前”如:He won’t come back before five .
A. 介词by表示“到„时为止,不迟于„”如:The work must be finished by Friday.
6.
时间介词till与until用法的异同
. till和until用在肯定句中,均可表示“直到„为止”,如:I will wait till(until)seven o'clock.
A. till和until用在否定句中,均可表示“在„以前”或“直到„才”。
如:Tom didn't come back till(until)midnight. B. till多用于普通文体,而 until则用于多种文体,并且在句子开头时,用until而不用till。
如:Until he comes back,nothing can be done.
7.
不用介词表达时间的几种情况
. 当表示时间的词前有this, that时,其前面不用介词,如:this morning
A. 当表示时间的词前有next时,其前面不用介词,如:next Sunday
B. 当表示时间的词前有last时,其前面不用介词,如:last Sunday
C. 当表示时间的词前有one, any, each, every, some或all时,其前面不用介词,如:You can come any day.
二.方位介词与地点介词的用法辨析
1.
方位介词on, over, above的用法辨析
A. 介词on表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如:The book is on the table.
B. 介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系,即“在„上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river? C. 介词above表示一般的“高于„”,“在„之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed.
2.
方位介词under与below的用法辨析
. 介词under是over的反义词即“在„下方”,如:They were seen under the tree.
A. 介词below是above的反义词即“低于„”,“在„之下”,如:They live below us.
3.
方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
. 介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。 如:She went across the street to make some purchases. A. 介词through着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。 如:The sunlight was coming in through the window. B. 介词over多表示从“上方越过”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
C. 介词past表示从“面前经过”,如:Someone has just gone past the window.
4.
方位介词in、on、at的用法辨析
. 介词in表示“排、行、组”,如:We are in Team One. A. 介词on表示“左、右”,如:Li Ping is on my left. B. 介词at表示“前、后”,如:I sit at the front of the classroom.
5.
方位介词to、for的用法辨析
. 介词to表示目的地或去的目的,如:Wil you take a train to Tianjian.
A. 介词for表示动身去某地,如:He got on a train for Shanghai.
6.
地点介词at与in的用法辨析
. 介词at表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如:He lives at a small village.
A. 介词in表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing.
7.
地点介词at与on的用法辨析
. 介词at用于门牌号,如:He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road.
A. 介词on用于路名,如:He lives on Nanjing Road.
8.
地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析
. 介词in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China.
A. 介词on表示“紧邻”如:Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
B. 介词to表示“没接触”如:France lies to the south of England.
三.其他易混介词的用法辨析
1.
动作介词to与toward的用法辨析
A. 介词to表示向某处移动,如:They were driving to work together.
B. 介词toward 表示移向某处,如:We're moving toward the light.
2.
原因介词because、as、for的用法辨析
. 介词because表示“因为;由于”指直接的、明确的原因,用来回答why的问句,语气最强。
如:The boy was absent because he was ill.
A. 介词as表示“由于;鉴于”指一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由。
如:She stayed at home as she had no car.
B. 介词for表示 “因为;由于”指一种间接原因,甚至只是一种附带的说明。
如:It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
3.
材料介词of和from的用法
. 介词of用于成品与材料的性质不变时,如:The desk is made of wood.
A. 介词from用于成品与材料的性质已变时,如:Wine is made from grapes.
4.
表示“用”的介词in、with、by的用法辨析
. 介词in表示“用材料、语言”如:Can you say it in English?
A. 介词with表示“用工具、某物”如:with a pen B. 介词by表示“用、以、靠、通过„方法”如:He prefers traveling by car.
5.
介词between与among的用法辨析
. 介词between 表示“在两者之间”如:Don’t sit between the two girls.
A. 介词among表示“在„当中(三者或以上)”如:They lived among the mountains in the past.
6.
介词besides与except的用法辨析
. 介词besides表示“除„之外(全部计算在内)”如:We have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang.
A. 介词except表示“除„之外(不计算在内)”如:We are all Chinese except Tom in our class.
综上所述,正确使用介词的关键是:先记住介词的汉语意思,然后参照例句来加深理解,并在今后的学习中多积累,勤实践,细心体会介词应用当中的细微差别,灵活应用就一定能把介词掌握好。
初中英语常见介词的错误与纠正
[误] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak. [正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.
[析] at用于具体时刻之前,如:sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night. [误] Don't sleep at daytime
[正] Don't sleep in daytime.
[析] in 要用于较长的一段时间之内,如:in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。
[误] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. [正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.
[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如:on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th
[误] He became a writter at his twenties [正] He became a writter in his twenties
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