1. Franklin D. RooseveltIn August 1921, while the Roosevelt were vacationing at Campobello Island, NewBrunswick, Canada, Roosevelt contracted polio, which resulted in permanentparalysis from the waist down. For the rest of his life, Roosevelt refused to accept thathe was permanently paralyzed. He tried a wide range of therapies, includinghydrotherapy.At the time, Roosevelt was able to convince many people that he was getting better,which he believed was essential if he wanted to run for public office again. Fitting hiships and legs with iron braces, he laboriously taught himself to walk a short distanceby swiveling his torso while supporting himself with a cane. In private, he used awheelchair, but he was careful never to be seen in it in public. （挑战逆境）1921年8⽉月，在加拿⼤大新不伦瑞克省坎波贝洛岛度假的罗斯福突患疾病并被确症为脊髓灰质炎，导致其腰部以下完全永久性瘫痪。在此后的⽣生命中，罗斯福⼀一直拒绝接受这⼀一事实，并进⾏行了⼤大量的治疗，包括⽔水疗。当时，罗斯福能够使许多⼈人相信他的⾝身体状况实际上越来越好。⽽而且他相信如果竞选公职，⾝身体状况良好是必不可少的。罗斯福使⽤用⾦金属⽀支柱来⽀支持臀部和腿部，艰苦地利⽤用旋转躯体并借助拐杖⽀支撑以作短距离的移动。在私下场合，他使⽤用轮椅，但他在公共场合会格外谨慎以免被他⼈人看到。在公众⾯面前，罗斯福通常由助⼿手或⼉儿⼦子搀扶着笔直站⽴立。The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.2. Thomas EdisonIn school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the ReverendEngle, was overheard calling him \"addled\". This ended Edison's three months ofofficial schooling. Edison recalled later, \"My mother was the making of me. She wasso true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must notdisappoint.\" His mother taught him at home. Much of his education came fromreading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union. Edisondeveloped hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has beenattributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. (挑战逆境)婚姻和家庭使爱迪⽣生在1877年开始了改⾰革弧光灯的试验，提出了要搞分电流，变弧光灯为⽩白光灯。这项试验要达到满意的程度。必须找到⼀一种能燃烧到⽩白热的物质做灯丝，这种灯丝要经住热度在⼆二千度⼀一千⼩小时以上的燃烧。同时⽤用法要简单，能经受⽇日常使⽤用的击碰，价格要低廉，还要使⼀一个灯的明和灭不影响另外任何⼀一个灯的明和灭，保持每个灯的相对独⽴立性。这在当时是极⼤大胆的设想，需要下极⼤大的功夫去探索，去试验。 为了探寻这种作灯丝⽤用的物质，爱迪⽣生先是⽤用炭化物质做试验，失败后又以⾦金属铂与铱⾼高熔点合⾦金做灯丝试验，还做过上质矿⽯石和矿苗共⼀一千六百种不同的试验，结果都失败了。但这时他和他的助⼿手们已取得了很⼤大进展，已知道⽩白热灯丝必须密封在⼀一个⾼高度真空玻璃球内，才不易烧掉的道理。这样，他的试验又回到炭质灯丝上来了。他昼夜不息地⽤用研究、实验到了1880年的上半年，爱迪⽣生的⽩白热灯试验仍⽆无结果。他的试验笔记簿多达⼆二百多本，共计四万余页，先后经过三年的时间。他每天⼯工作⼗十⼋八、九个⼩小时。每天清早三、四点的时候，他才头枕两、三本书，躺在实验⽤用的桌⼦子下⾯面睡觉。有时他⼀一天在凳⼦子上睡三、四次，每次只睡半⼩小时。（追求完美 创新）3. Helen Keller （⼥女作家、教育家、慈善家、社会活动家）Early childhood and illnessHelen Keller was born with the ability to see and hear. At 19 months old, shecontracted an illness described by doctors as \"an acute congestion of the stomach andHelen Keller was born with the ability to see and hear. At 19 months old, shecontracted an illness described by doctors as \"an acute congestion of the stomach andthe brain\which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis.The illness left her both deaf andblind.Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began toteach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with \"d-o-l-l\"for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present.Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learnedto speak, and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures. She learned to\"hear\" people's speech by reading their lips with her hands—her sense of touch hadbecome extremely subtle. She became proficient at using braille and reading signlanguage with her hands as well.] Shortly before World War I, with the assistance ofthe Zoellner Quartet she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonanttabletop she could experience music played close by (挑战逆境)4. Frederick Douglass （演说家、作家、⼈人道主义者和政治活动家）Douglass and the abolitionists argued that because the aim of the Civil War was toend slavery, African Americans should be allowed to engage in the fight for theirfreedom. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches.Douglass conferred with President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 on the treatment ofblack soldiers, and with President Andrew Johnson on the subject of black suffrage.President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on January 1,1863, declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. (Slaves inUnion-held areas and Northern states would become freed with the adoption of the13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.) Douglass described the spirit of thoseawaiting the proclamation: \"We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the sky... we were watching ... by the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new day ... wewere longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries.\"During the U.S. Presidential Election of 1864, Douglass supported John C. Frémont.Douglass was disappointed that President Lincoln did not publicly endorse suffragefor black freedmen. Douglass believed that since African-American men werefighting in the American Civil War, they deserved the right to vote.With the North no longer obliged to return slaves to their owners in the South,Douglass fought for equality for his people. He made plans with Lincoln to moveliberated slaves out of the South. During the war, Douglass also helped the Union byserving as a recruiter for the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Hiseldest son, Charles Douglass, joined the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, but was ill formuch of his service. Lewis Douglass fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner. Another son,Frederick Douglass Jr., also served as a recruiter.（挑战权威）5.Steve Jobs 1983年，乔布斯邀请时任百事可乐CEO约翰·斯卡利出任苹果CEO。斯卡利出任苹果CEO后，苹果推出的3款新产品（Apple Ⅲ、Apple Lisa和Macintosh）接连在市场上遭遇惨败，乔布斯认为是斯卡利过于追求产品的利润⽽而将产品定价过⾼高，最终使得产品在市场上失败。⽽而斯卡利认为乔布斯根本不懂什么是商业、什么是市场竞争。因此两⼈人经常在董事会上吵得不可开交。后来乔布斯曾试图暗中推翻斯卡利的CEO位置，但是被斯卡利知道了，最终苹果的董事会选择⽀支持斯卡利，决定禁⽌止乔布斯参与苹果的⼀一切事务，虽然乔布斯作为苹果的创始⼈人依然是苹果的董事会主席，但是他已经不能对斯卡利的决策做出任何⼲干涉了。由于乔布斯是⼀一个集权主义者，⽆无法忍受权⼒力被剥夺，因此最终在1985年，乔布斯离开苹果，创⽴立了NeXT公司并收购了⽪皮克斯动画⼯工作室。（挑战逆境）Steven Paul \"Steve\" Jobs was an American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, whowas the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc.Through Apple, Jobs's contributions to most of his patents were to \"the look and feelof the product\". His industrial design chief Jonathan Ive had his name along with himfor 200 of the patents. Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents(inventions). He has 43 issued US patents on inventions. The patent on the Mac OS XDock user interface with \"magnification\" feature was issued the day before he died.Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of theoriginal Apple computers, Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himselforiginal Apple computers, Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himselfwith product design.Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would holdthe iPad in a hospital bed. He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger andsuggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.（创新）6.Galileo GalileiA biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped ballsof the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa todemonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. This wascontrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones,in direct proportion to weight. While this story has been retold in popular accounts,there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generallyaccepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actuallytake place.Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long asthe resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or inthe limiting case of its falling through a vacuum. He also derived the correctkinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting fromrest—namely, that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time.7. Walt Disney1934年的⼀一个晚上，迪⼠士尼公司的⼏几位主要动画师刚刚吃完晚饭回来，发现华特正在等他们。华特带他们来到录⾳音室，让⼤大家在他⾯面前围成⼀一个半圆坐下。之后，华特给在场的每个⼈人分配⾓角⾊色，让他们按照设想中的情节，表演“⽩白雪公主”的故事。其中⼀一个动画师肯·安德森后来回忆说：“他把我们圈在那⾥里，从8点钟折腾到半夜，我们扮演他设计好的⾓角⾊色，互相对话，甚⾄至唱⾥里⾯面的歌和哼⾳音乐，他呢，对我们扮演的⾓角⾊色作出反应。”当表演结束时，华特·迪⼠士尼向在场的所有⼈人宣布：“这就是我们将要摄制的第⼀一部动画长⽚片。（追求完美）”Disney is particularly noted for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as aninnovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created a number of theworld's most famous fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, a character for whichDisney himself was the original voice. He has won 26 Academy Awards out of 59nominations, including a record four in one year, giving him more awards and nominationsthan any other individual. He also won seven Emmy Awards. He is the namesake forDisneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, as well as theinternational resorts in Japan, France, and China. （创新）８. James MadisonJames Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served asthe fourth President of the United States and is considered one of the FoundingFathers of the United States.The \"Father of the Constitution,\" he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, hewrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on theConstitution. The first president to have served in the United States Congress, he was aleader in the 1st United States Congress, drafting many basic laws, and was responsible forthe first ten amendments to the Constitution and thus is also known as the \"Father of the Billof Rights\".他的主张和三权分⽴立学说迄今仍是美国宪法的指导原则。他和杰斐逊共同创建和领导了民主共和党，使美国开始形成了两党政治。（创新）９．Michael Jordan1993年7⽉月23⽇日，公⽜牛取得三连冠两个⽉月之后，乔丹的⽗父亲詹姆斯·乔丹（James·Jordan）参加⼀一个朋友的葬礼，回家途中他把车停靠在州际95号路边⼀一个靠近Lumberton,North Carolina的空地上⼩小睡。当地的两个犯⼈人Daniel Green和Larry Matin Demery 杀了他并偷⾛走了乔丹送给他的凌志车；这两个罪犯还⽤用詹姆斯的⼿手机打了⼏几个电话，并被迅速逮捕了。8⽉月3⽇日，James的⼫尸体在⼀一个沼泽被发现，直到5号才正式被确认。因为精神上的巨⼤大打击，同时也为了寻求新的挑战， 就在1993-1994赛季训练营的前⼀一天，乔丹在训练营宣布退役，并在两天后正式发表退役声明；他的23号球⾐衣也随之在公⽜牛队退役。经过长时间的思考，乔丹再次回到聚光灯下时穿的是棒球服：为了完成他⽗父亲的⼼心愿，乔丹进⼊入了棒球⼤大联盟（Major League Baseball），他为是棒球服：为了完成他⽗父亲的⼼心愿，乔丹进⼊入了棒球⼤大联盟（Major League Baseball），他为芝加哥⽩白袜队（Chicago White Sox）的次级球队伯明翰男爵队（Birmingham Barons）参加了94赛季的AA级南⽅方联盟（Class AA Southern League）⽐比赛。他能够胜任⾓角⾊色球员的⼯工作，但是进⼊入⼤大联盟的愿望看起来很渺茫。在95赛季临近时，棒球⼤大联盟爆发劳资纠纷，乔丹燃起了回归NBA的⽕火焰。不久，在NBA94-95赛季尚未结束时，乔丹以简单的⼀一句“我回来了（I'mBack）”重新复出。(挑战逆境)10. Booker T. WashingtonAs an educator and a champion of self-help, he tried to lead blackAmerica up from slavery.Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American politicalleader, educator, orator and author. He was the dominant figure in the African Americancommunity in the United States from 1890 to 1915. Representing the last generation of blackleaders born in slavery, and speaking for those blacks who had remained in the New South inan uneasy modus vivendi with the white Southerners, Washington was able throughout thefinal 25 years of his life to maintain his standing as the black leader because of thesponsorship of powerful whites, substantial support within the black community, his ability toraise educational funds from both groups and his skillful accommodation to the social realitiesof the age of segregation.（挑战权威）