SAT写作例子

莫奈(1840～1926)

Edouard Manet(1840～1926)

Manet was born on January 23, 1832 in Paris. He is often identified with the \"Impressionists,\" and was influenced by them. However, because of the Paris art world's generally hostile regard for \"Impressionism,\" he chose not to exhibit with them. He preferred to show his work in the more conservative exhibitions sponsored by the French government.

Manet learned to paint in the traditional style, but his work became more spontaneous after his exposure to Claude Monet and the other \"Impressionists.\" He used expressive outline, severe lighting contrasts, bold color and rich texture to portray the world around him.

Manet scandalized the people of Paris with a number of works containing nudes painted in bold poses with direct, outward gazes. While it was popular during his time to paint scenes from the Bible and ancient history, Manet painted scenes from 19th Century history, including one work featuring the execution of Emperor Maximillian of Mexico in 1867. Key words: painter impressionists

克劳德·莫奈是印象派最具代表性的大画家。19 世纪末到20 世纪初流行于欧洲各国的印象派，注重人

对生活的感觉和印象，主张到大自然中，尊重自然和人的感觉印象，影响力极为深远。

印象主义画家吸取当时科学上的光学理论，认为色是在光的照射下而产生的，在不同时间、环境、气候等客观条件下，受不同光的支配而有各种不同色彩。他们通过写生，发现过去长期不被注意的色彩现象，从而在绘画色彩上引起了重大的革新。例如，过去一般认为草是绿色的，但是如果眺望远方的原野，草却不是绿色，而是青色，如果在晚霞照射下看草，就成为红色或灰色。

我们欣赏莫奈的油画连作“麦草堆”、 “白杨木”、 “浮翁大教堂”等，最能看出这种特征。他对同一主题反复在一天中的不同时间写生描绘，画出不同的光景与气氛，显出光与色的高明度及鲜明感，交织成光与色彩的华丽交响乐，创作了印象派的颠峰之作。

莫奈一生遗留五百件素描，两干多幅油画，两干七百封信件。八十六年的生涯，生命力旺盛，创作量庞大。他的足迹从巴黎大街到地中海岸，从法国到伦敦、威尼斯、挪威，经常在各地旅行写生，全力以赴地作风景画。莫奈从早期就迷恋表达阳光，他一生的精力，主要用在表现外光的探索上，一幅幅画作，对外光和空气氛围作了淋漓尽致的描绘。而随着印象派诞生一百多年来受人们的喜爱，莫奈成为享誉非常长久的画家。他画中的各种风景、光波粼粼的水景、花开的原野、浸淫在阳光下行乐度假的人们，吸引无数人的欣赏、惊叹与灵感。莫奈画作的群众魅力，深刻印证了艺术的永恒与人类的文化亲和力。

这是关于美国商人罗斯·佩罗的。这篇SAT写作素材的主要内容是介绍了这个人精彩的人生 经历，并以此证明了他自己的人生哲学。备考关于机会，成功等等的SAT写作话题

Ross Perot(1930-)

Ross Perot, born in 1930, American business executive, philanthropist, and independent candidate for the United States presidency in 1992. Henry Ross Perot was born in Texarkana, Texas. In 1953 he graduated from the United States Naval Academy. Perot did not excel scholastically at the academy. However, fellow students elected him best all-around midshipman and class president for life. Perot served in the Navy at sea from 1953 to 1957.

Upon receiving his discharge from the Navy, Perot worked in Dallas, Texas, as a computer salesman for International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). In 1962, after meeting his annual quota for computer sales in the first three weeks of January, Perot left IBM to start an electronic data processing business, Electronic Data Systems (EDS). Through the 1960s, he built his business by serving the vast data processing needs of medical insurance companies.

In 1968 Perot profited enormously when EDS stock began to trade publicly. In 1984 Perot sold the company to General Motors (GM) for $2.5 billion and secured a seat on GM's board of directors. Differences with GM executives led to his departure from the board two years later. In 1988 Perot launched a new data processing service company, Perot Systems Corporation. A self-avowed patriot, Perot received substantial media attention in 1969 when he attempted to deliver food, medicine, mail, and clothing to United States prisoners of war in Vietnam. In 1979 he organized a dramatic commando rescue of two EDS employees jailed in Iran after that country's revolution, further burnishing his reputation as a man of action. Perot cemented this reputation when he declared his availability for the presidency on Larry King Live, a television talk show, in 1992. At that time, Perot expressed his dissatisfaction with the performance of the Republican and Democratic parties on issues such as the federal deficit, reform of term limits for members of Congress, and campaign finance reform.

Perot accused the two major political parties of pandering to the American people and refusing to ask citizens to make difficult choices necessary to move forward on the major issues of the day. He presented his own economic plan, in a series of paid, 30-minute “infomercials” on television. The plan proposed to deal with the problem of the national budget deficit by sharply increasing gasoline taxes, increasing taxes on benefits of wealthier Social Security recipients, and limiting deductions for mortgage interest.

Key words: business executive philanthropist independent candidate

这个人一开始压根儿不知道IBM 是什么，却很快成为IBM 在美国西部销售额最高的人;这个人并不倾心于计算机本身，却在60 年代初富有远见地创办了EDS——全球最大的计算机服务公司;这个从小为了多挣一分钱而绞尽脑汁的人，却一下子成了80 年代IT 业最富有的人之一;在乔布斯被赶出苹果落魄之际，是他慷慨解囊投资创建NEXT。他还是一个人人皆知的爱国主义者，象《第一滴血》中的兰博一样，他亲自带领一个营救队去营救关押在伊朗的两名EDS 人质;这还不算，1992 年，正当共和党的布什和民主党的克林顿为总统席位角逐时，他打破了美国建国以来的传统历史，如同一匹黑马，代表无党派人士参加竞选。结果他的声威节节上升，民意调查的支持率一度达到19%，几乎与布什、克林顿并驾齐驱……

这个人就是罗斯·佩罗，他以自己的经历精彩地证明了这套人生哲学。

这篇SAT写作例子介绍了法拉第的生平和他所取得的成就以及这个过程中所遇到的困难和解决的方法。

法拉第·迈克尔 Faraday, Michael 1791 -- 1867

Key words: physicist chemist

Physicist and chemist. Born September 22, 1791, in Newington, Surrey. The family soon moved to London, where young Michael, one of 10 children, picked up the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a bookbinder and bookseller. He read ravenously and attended public lectures, including some by Sir Humphry Davy.

Faraday's career began when Davy, temporarily blinded in a laboratory accident, appointed Faraday as his assistant at the Royal Institution. With Davy as a teacher in analytical chemistry, Faraday advanced in his scientific apprenticeship and began independent chemical studies. By 1825, he discovered benzene and had become the first to describe compounds of chlorine and carbon. He adopted the atomic theory to explain that chemical qualities were the result of attraction and repulsion between united atoms. This proved to be the theoretical foundation for much of his future work.

Faraday had already done some work in magnetism and electricity, and it was in this field that he made his most outstanding contributions. His first triumph came when he found a solution to the problem of producing continuous rotation by use of electric current, thus making electric motors possible.

Hans Oersted had discovered the magnetic effect of a current, but Faraday grasped the fact that a conductor at rest and a steady magnetic field do not interact and that to get an induced current either the conductor or the field has to move. On August 29, 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

During the next 10 years, Faraday explored and expanded the field of electricity. In 1834, he announced his famous two laws of electrolysis. Briefly, they state that for any given amount of electrical force in an electrochemical cell, chemical substances are released at the electrodes in the ratio of their chemical equivalents. He also invented the voltammeter, a device for measuring electrical charges, which was the first step toward the later standardization of electrical quantities. Faraday continued to work in his laboratory, but his health began to deteriorate and he had to

stop work entirely in 1841. Almost miraculously, however, his health later improved and he resumed work in 1844. He began a search for an interaction between magnetism and light and in 1845 turned his attention from electrostatics to electromagnetism. He discovered that an intense magnetic field could rotate the plane of polarized light, a phenomenon known today as the Faraday effect. In conjunction with these experiments, he showed that all matter conducts the magnetic line of force.

Objects that were good conductors he called paramagnetics, while those that conducted the force poorly he named diamagnetics. Thus, the energy of a magnet is in the space around it, not in the magnet itself. This is the fundamental idea of the field theory.

Faraday was a brilliant lecturer, and through his public lectures he did a great deal to popularize science. Shortly after he became head of the Royal Institution in 1825, he inaugurated the custom of giving a series of lectures for young people during the Christmas season. This tradition has been maintained, and over the years the series have frequently been the basis for fascinating, simply written, and informative books.

Faraday died in London on August 25, 1867. The admiration of physicists for Faraday has been demonstrated by naming the unit of capacitance the farad and a unit of charge, the faraday. No other man has been doubly honored in this way. His name also appears frequently in connection with effects, laws, and apparatus. These honors are proper tribute to the man who was possibly the greatest experimentalist who ever lived.

法拉第(1791 -- 1867)是英国物理学家、化学家，也是著名的自学成才的科学家。1791 年9 月22 日萨里郡纽因顿一个贫苦铁匠家庭。因家庭贫困仅上过几年小学，13 岁时便在一家书店里当学徒。书店的工作使他有机会读到许多科学书籍。在送报、装订等工作之余，自学化学和电学，并动手做简单的实验，验证书上的内容。利用业余时间参加市哲学学会的学习活动，听自然哲学讲演，因而受到了自然科学的基础教育。由于他爱好科学研究，专心致志，受到英国化学家戴维的赏识。

1813 年3 月由戴维举荐到皇家研究所任实验室助手。这是法拉第一生的转折点，从此他踏上了献身科学研究的道路。同年10 月戴维到欧洲大陆作科学考察，讲学，法拉第作为他的秘书、助手随同前往。历时一年半，先后经过法国、瑞士、意大利、德国、比利时、荷兰等国，结识了安培、盖.吕萨克等著名学者。沿途法拉第协助戴维做了许多化学实验，这大大丰富了他的科学知识，增长了实验才干，为他后来开展独立的科学研究奠定了基础。

法拉第主要从事电学、磁学、磁光学、电化学方面的研究，他关于磁生电的跨时代的伟大发现，使人类掌握了电磁运动相互转变以及机械能和电能相互转变的方法，成为现代发电机、电动机、变压器技术的基础。

法拉第能够这样坚持10 年矢志不渝地探索电磁感应现象，重要原因之一是同他关于各种自然力的统一和转化的思想密切相关的，他始终坚信自然界各种不同现象之间有着无限多的联系。也是在这一思想的指导下，他继续研究当时已知的伏打电池的电、摩擦电、温差电、伽伐尼电、电磁感应电等各种电的同一性，1832 年他发表了〈不同来源的电的同一性〉论文，用大量实验论证了“不管电的来源如何，它的本性都相同”的结论，从而扫除了人们在电的本性问题认识上的种种迷雾。

在这篇SAT写作素材中，介绍了非洲第一位诺贝尔和平奖获得者Wangari Maathai 女士的生平情况和奋斗历程，非常励志。

旺加里 . 马塔伊(Wangari Muta Maathai)

Kenyan environmentalist and human rights campaigner Wangari Maathai has won the Nobel Peace Prize. She is the first African woman to be awarded the peace prize since it was created in 1901.

A surprised Mrs. Maathai broke the news to reporters minutes before the official announcement.

The prize committee says Mrs. Maathai, Kenya's Deputy Environment Minister(助理环境部长), is an example for all Africans fighting for democracy and peace.

The delighted 64-year-old professor said the award was completely unexpected.

\"This is extremely encouraging to the people of Africa and the African woman,\" she told the BBC.

\"It is a recognition of the many efforts of African women, who continue to struggle despite all the problems they face.\"

In the late 1970s, Mrs. Maathai led a campaign called the Green Belt Movement to plant tens of millions of trees across Africa to slow deforestation(采伐森林) .

The movement grew to include projects to preserve biodiversity, educate people about their environment and promote the rights of women and girls.

Known as \"The Tree Woman\" in Kenya, Mrs Maathai celebrated by planting a Nandi flame tree(凤凰木) in her home town of Nyeri, in the shadow of Mount Kenya.

She said she was delighted that the vital role of the environment had been recognised. \"The environment is very important in the aspects of peace because when we destroy our resources and our resources become scarce, we fight over that\".

\"I am working to make sure we don't only protect the environment, we also improve governance,\" she added.

The committee says she has combined science with social engagement and politics, and has worked both locally and internationally.

The professor was the 12th woman peace laureate since the first award was first made in 1901.

A spokesman for the Kenyan government said his country was honored. \"

This is a great moment in Kenyan history. To us this shows that what Wangari Maathai has been doing here has been recognized,\" Alfred Mutua said. \"We're very proud of her and she deserves all the credit.\"

Mrs. Maathai beat a record 194 nominations, including former chief United Nations weapons inspector Hans Blix and the head of the UN energy watchdog, Mohamed ElBaradei, to win the prize.

Mrs. Maathai is the second woman in a row to be awarded the peace prize, which last year went to Iranian lawyer Shirin Ebadi for her work for the rights of women and children in Iran. The award, which includes 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.3m) is awarded in Oslo on 10 December each year. 旺加里 . 马塔伊(Wangari Muta Maathai)，1940年4月1日—)是肯尼亚的社会活动家，2004年诺贝尔和

平奖得主。是绿带运动和非洲减债运动联盟的发起人。

她是东、西非的第一个女博士。1977年发起了一个以妇女和环境为主的绿带运动。1990年代，她因为反对开发商强占共有土地，被肯尼亚当局监禁和鞭打。但是她通过不懈的努力，在2002年被选为国会议员。 至今为止，她是唯一一位获诺贝尔和平奖的非洲女性，也是世界上第12位获得“诺贝尔和平奖”殊荣的女性。她还是继南非前总统曼德拉、联合国秘书长安南之后赢得这一荣誉的第7位非洲人。

马塔伊1940年4月1日出生在肯尼亚的涅里。她早年在肯尼亚当地接受教育，后前往美国堪萨斯州的一所大学学习生物学，并在1964年获得生物学学士学位。1966年，她又在美国匹兹堡大学获得硕士学位。

学成归国后，马塔伊在内罗毕大学从事兽医学的研究，并于1971年在那里获得博士学位，成为东非第一个获得博士学位的黑人女性。由于工作业绩突出，她1976年成为内罗毕大学和兽医学系的首位女系主任。

Plato

Plato (428?-347 bc), Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy. He was born to an aristocratic family in Athens. His father, Ariston, was believed to have descended from the early kings of Athens. Perictione, his mother, was distantly related to the 6th-century bc lawmaker Solon. When Plato was a child, his father died, and his mother married Pyrilampes, who was an associate of the statesman Pericles.

As a young man Plato had political ambitions, but he became disillusioned by the political leadership in Athens. He eventually became a disciple of Socrates, accepting his basic philosophy and dialectical style of debate: the pursuit of truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. Plato witnessed the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 bc. Perhaps fearing for his own safety, he left Athens temporarily and traveled to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt.

In 387 Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the institution often described as the first European university. It provided a comprehensive curriculum, including such subjects as astronomy, biology, mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. Aristotle was the Academy’s most prominent student.

Plato’s theory of Forms and his theory of knowledge are so interrelated that they must be discussed together. Influenced by Socrates, Plato was convinced that knowledge is attainable. He was also convinced of two essential characteristics of knowledge. First, knowledge must be certain and infallible.

Second, knowledge must have as its object that which is genuinely real as contrasted with

that which is an appearance only.

Because that which is fully real must, for Plato, be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming. One consequence of this view was Plato’s rejection of empiricism, the claim that knowledge is derived from sense experience.

He thought that propositions derived from sense experience have, at most, a degree of probability.

They are not certain. Furthermore, the objects of sense experience are changeable phenomena of the physical world. Hence, objects of sense experience are not proper objects of knowledge. Key words: Greek philosopher great tutor

柏拉图

柏拉图(P1ato，公元前427—前347 年)出身于雅典一个名门贵族家庭，自幼受到良好的教育，20 岁时师从苏格拉底研究哲学，苏格拉底死后，柏拉图曾离开雅典在外游历，12 年后回到雅典，创立了阿加德米学园，在那里讲学直到逝世为止。“柏拉图是古典时代著作丰富而作品似乎完整齐全留传下来的唯一作家。”在他留给后人的36 篇对话录中，《理想国》和《法律篇》较集中地反映了他的教育学说，围绕培养“哲学王”的教育问题，他构思了一个庞大的教育体系。柏拉图在物质世界以外寻求事物的本原，建立了以理念论为核心的客观唯心主义哲学体系。理念论的基本内容是将理性世界和感觉世界对立起来，认为感性的具体事物不是真实的存在，在感觉世界之外还有一个永恒不变的、独立的、真实存在的理念世界。

下面是一篇关于亚里士多德的SAT常用写作素材，这篇SAT写作素材介绍了亚里士多德的生平和功绩.

Key words: ancient Greek philosopher scientist

Aristotle

Aristotle (384-322 bc), Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato died in 347 bc, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his, Hermias, was ruler. There he counseled Hermias and married his niece and adopted daughter, Pythias. After Hermias was captured and executed by the Persians in 345 bc, Aristotle went to Pella, the Macedonian capital, where he became the tutor of the king's young son Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum. Because much of the discussion in his school took place while teachers and students were walking about the Lyceum grounds, Aristotle's school came to be known as the Peripatetic (“walking” or “strolling”) school. Upon the death of Alexander in 323 bc, strong anti-Macedonian feeling developed in Athens, and Aristotle retired to

a family estate in Euboea (Évvoia). He died there the following year.

Perhaps because of the influence of his father's medical profession, Aristotle's philosophy laid its principal stress on biology, in contrast to Plato's emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded the world as made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species). Each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds, according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular individuals.

Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the claims of empiricism (observation and sense experience) and formalism (rational deduction).

One of the most distinctive of Aristotle's philosophic contributions was a new notion of causality. Each thing or event, he thought, has more than one “reason” that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. Earlier Greek thinkers had tended to assume that only one sort of cause can be really explanatory; Aristotle proposed four. (The word Aristotle uses, aition,”a responsible, explanatory factor” is not synonymous with the word cause in its modern sense.)

亚里士多德(公元前384-322 )

元前384 年，亚里士多德生于富拉基亚的斯塔基尔希腊移民区。他的父亲是马其顿国王腓力二世的宫廷侍医，所以他的家庭应该属于奴隶主阶级中的中产阶层。亚里士多德于公元前367 年迁居到雅典，曾经学过医学，还在雅典柏拉图学院学习过很多年，是柏拉图学院的积极参加者。

从十八岁到三十八岁在亚里士多德雅典跟柏拉图学习哲学。这二十年对亚里士多德来说是个很重要的阶段，这一时期的学习和生活对他一生产生了决定性的影响。苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，亚里士多德又受教于柏拉图，这三代师徒都是哲学史上赫赫有名的人物。

在雅典的柏拉图学园中，亚里士多德表现的很出色，柏拉图称他是“学园之灵”。但亚里士多德不是一个只崇拜权威，在学术上唯唯诺诺而没有自己的想法的人。他同大谈玄理的老师不同，他努力的收集各种图书资料，勤奋钻研，甚至为自己建立了一个图书室。在学院期间，亚里士多德就在思想上跟老师有了分歧。他曾经隐喻的说过，智慧不会随柏拉图一起死亡。

当柏拉图到了晚年，他们师生间的分歧更大了，经常发生争吵。公元前347 年，柏拉图去世后，亚里士多德在雅典又继续呆了两年，此后他开始游历各地。公元前343 年，他受马其顿国王腓力二世的聘请，担任起太子亚历山大的老师。当时，亚历山大十三岁，亚里士多德四十二岁。

亚里士多德是世界古代史上最伟大的哲学家、科学家和教育家。他创立了形式逻辑学，丰富和发展了哲学的各个分支学科，对科学做出了巨大的贡献。

下面是一篇关于七届环法自行车赛冠军Lance Armstrong的SAT作文例子，在这篇SAT作文例子中，介绍了这位冠军生平的性格转变，和因此而得到的成功的事。整个SAT作文例子的逻辑链是：曾经的Lance 很顽固，不听任何人的建议——后来得了癌症——改变自己的性格，变得比较cooperative——最后战胜癌症，取得环法冠军。

1) 曾经的性格

He was stubborn. He didn’t understand the strategy of holding a little energy in reserve. First race: 1990 Amateur World Championship in Japan. The race, held on a very hot day, was 115 miles long with a difficult uphill section. Chris wanted Lance to draft--- to stay behind other riders and save some energy for the end of the race. But Lance didn’t listen to his coach. He was overconfident and quickly pedaled to a big lead. The lead grew to almost 90 seconds, but Lance was exhausting himself. He got tired and slowed down. His lead fell to a minute, than to 30 seconds. Soon the peloton had caught him. Lance couldn’t mount a charge at the end. Hed to draft with him. By being selfish, Lance was isolating him.

提示：比较粗鲁，自大，不给对手尊重，不和队员合作。 2) 得癌症

At the age 25, the doctor Reeves said that he suffered testicular cancer. The cancer had spread from his testicle to his lungs. 3) 如何转变性格 <1> 听医生话做手术

Surgery to remove his testicle, three hours, success. Next three months, he need a powerful chemotherapy,, a kind of cancer treatment that can be very hard on the patient. <2> 同医生交流

Lance talked to his doctors about his treatment and hoped that they could use drugs that wouldn’t’t destroy his muscles or hurt his chance of returning to cycling someday. 4) 结果——成功

Finally, the whole therapy was over. The early tests were promising. After deep thought, he decided to start training again. He wanted to return for the 1998 season.

More than that, he became the championship in Tour-de-France for the next seven years. 以上就是这篇关于Lance Armstrong的SAT作文例子的全部内容，文中对这个例子的转折部分和细节的描写部分非常到位。这是一个比较万能的例子，大家可以在备考相关的SAT作文话题的时候，进行适当的改编和应用。

下面是关于培根的SAT写作例子，这篇SAT写作例子的主要内容是介绍了培根的生平以及他在各个领域内所取得的主要成就，非常实用。这样的SAT写作例子是大家在备考成功失败，人物影响等很多SAT写作话题的时候都可以用到的。

Francis Bacon

Key words: philosopher statesman

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher and statesman, one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought. Bacon was educated at Trinity College, University of Cambridge. Elected to the House of Commons in 1584, he served until 1614. He wrote letters of sound advice to Elizabeth I, queen of England, but his suggestions were never implemented, and he completely lost favor with the queen in 1593, when he opposed a bill for a royal subsidy.

He regained the respect of the court, however, with the accession of James I to the English throne in 1603. Bacon proposed schemes for the union of England and Scotland and recommended measures for dealing with Roman Catholics.

For these efforts he was knighted on July 23, 1603, was made a commissioner for the union of Scotland and England, and was given a pension in 1604. His Advancement of Learning was published and presented to the king in 1605. Two years later he was appointed solicitor general. In the last session of the first Parliament held (February 1611) under James I, the differences between Crown and Commons grew critical, and Bacon took the role of mediator, despite his distrust of James's chief minister, Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury. On Salisbury's death in 1612, Bacon, in order to gain the king's attention, wrote several papers on statecraft, particularly on relations between Crown and Commons. In 1613 he was appointed attorney general.

In 1616 Bacon became a privy councillor, and in 1618 he was appointed lord chancellor and raised to the peerage as Baron Verulam. In 1620 his Novum Organum was published, and on January 26, 1621, he was created Viscount Saint Albans. In the same year he was charged by Parliament with accepting bribes. He confessed but said that he was “heartily and penitently sorry.” He submitted himself to the will of his fellow peers, who ordered him fined, imprisoned during the king's pleasure, and banished from Parliament and the court. After his release, he retired to his family residence at Gorhambury.

In September 1621 the king pardoned him but prohibited his return to Parliament or the court. Bacon then resumed his writing, completing his History of Henry VII and his Latin translation of The Advancement of Learning (De Augmentis). In March 1622 he offered to make a digest of the laws, with no further consequence despite repeated petitions to James I and James's successor, Charles I. He died in London on April 9, 1626.

Bacon's philosophy emphasized the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience. Bacon is generally credited with having contributed to logic the method known as ampliative inference, a technique of inductive reasoning.

Previous logicians had practiced induction by simple enumeration, that is, drawing general conclusions from particular data. Bacon's method was to infer by use of analogy, from the characteristics or properties of the larger group to which that datum belonged, leaving to later

experience the correction of evident errors. Because it added significantly to the improvement of scientific hypotheses, this method was a fundamental advancement of the scientific method.

Bacon's Novum Organum successfully influenced the acceptance of accurate observation and experimentation in science. In it he maintained that all prejudices and preconceived attitudes, which he called idols, must be abandoned, whether they be the common property of the race due to common modes of thought (“idols of the tribe”), or the peculiar possession of the individual (“idols of the cave”); whether they arise from too great a dependence on language (“idols of the marketplace”), or from tradition (“idols of the theater”). The principles laid down in the Novum Organum had an important influence on the subsequent development of empiricist thought.

弗兰西斯·培根(1561～1626)，英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散作家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。培根是一位经历了诸多磨难的贵族子弟，复杂多变的生活经历丰富了他的阅历，随之而来的，使他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理。人们完全可以说弗朗西斯·培根是一位真正的现代哲学家。他的整个世界观是现世的而不是宗教的(虽然他坚信上帝)。他是一位理性主义者而不是迷信的崇拜者，是一位经验论者而不是诡辩学者。在政治上，他是一位现实主义者而不是理论家。他那渊博的学识连同精彩的文笔与科学和技术相共鸣。