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雅思写作7.0课程讲义

来源：六九路网

2010年冲刺班雅思A类写作讲义

主讲：刘巍巍

第一讲雅思高分写作思路总览

雅思写作高分：7分或7分以上

第一节的内容：

1．雅思写作的整体介绍 2．高分写作的要求 3．解决问题的方案 4．课程的总览

一．雅思写作的整体介绍 General Introduction 听力、阅读考试之后

60分钟 Task 1 and Task 2 A类和G类的区别： task 2 议论文

task 1 A：图表作文 G：书信评分：以Task 2 为主

二：高分写作的要求评分标准：

Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构) Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据) Communicative Quality(交流质量)

Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构) 1. 避免使用过于低级的单词

The problem becomes worse by the poor effects we made.

The problem was compounded due to the ineffective measures we had taken.

They claim that sports lead to competition rather than cooperation is only an incorrect argument. The claim that sports lead to competition rather than cooperation is only a lame argument.

People face violence and crimes on TV and films every day. People are bombarded by violence and crimes on TV and films every day.

The kind of growth may lead to very bad results. The kind of growth may lead to dire consequences. consequence:

far-reaching（深远的）, profound（深刻的）, adverse（不利的）, catastrophic（灾难的）, damaging（破坏性的）, devastating（破坏性的）, dire（可怕的）, disastrous（灾难的）, fatal（致命的）, tragic（悲惨的）, severe（严重的）, 2. 避免过分重复同一样的单词

Mothers enjoy the same right for career advancement as fathers do. Mothers are just as entitled to career advancement as fathers. Mothers are empowered to career advancement as fathers.

3. 尽可能展示多变的句型定语从句：

China is the largest developing country and is enjoying rapid economic growth. As a result, in the streets of major cities in China, there are thousands of vehicles of all kinds.

As the largest developing country, China is enjoying rapid economic growth, the evidence of which can be seen in all major cities whose streets are teeming with thousands of vehicles of all kinds.

倒装句：

Young people are so impulsive and easily influenced that they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media.

Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media.

伴随状语：

It is common now for kids to spend six and a half days in school each week because they have to sit through one extra class after another.

It is common for kids to spend six and a half days in school each week, sitting through one extra class after another.

设问句：

Even if machine translation were able to eradicate all the language barriers between peoples, learning foreign languages still make sense.

Even if machine translation were able to eradicate all the language barriers between people, would there be no point in learning foreign languages? By no means.

Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据)

Some people think that in order to improve the quality of education, high school students should be encouraged to evaluate and criticize their teachers, but other people maintain that such evaluation and criticism may cause loss of respect for teachers and discipline. What do you think? 有人认为，为了提高教育质量，我们应该鼓励高中生对自己的老师进行评估；别的人却认为这种评估是不尊重教师、违反学校纪律的行为。请给出你的看法？学生评价老师的理由：

1. 通过评估，老师可以知道学生究竟想些什么、需要什么

If students are not allowed to evaluate or criticize the teachers, it is hard for the teachers to find out what the students think or what they need.

2. 评价和批评本身也是一种有效的交流方式

Evaluation and criticism are themselves effective forms of communication 3. 听取学生的真实意见和想法，教师自己也能够受益匪浅

Teachers will benefit a lot when their minds are open to the ideas and honest opinions of the youngsters. 高分作文两个注意事项：

1．论据尽可能新颖：论据新颖，文字才更有可能新颖 2．新颖应该让位于准确性：确保文字没有错误

Communicative Quality(交流质量) 1．高分作文，在于文字和论据精彩，不在于结构另类 2．雅思作文类型固定，写作模式也固定，高分作文亦然

三：解决问题的方案

1 Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构) 总结大量经典搭配，交替使用

2Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据) 范文讲解附带论据整理

3Communicative Quality(交流质量) 给出固定写作思路，不求变革

四：课程总览八节课程

第一节：整体介绍

第二至第七节：各类议论文的高分写作思路

1.该类议论文的写作思路点拨 2.范文讲解

3.课后作业及范文第八节：

A类：图表作文高分写作思路 G类：书信类作文高分写作思路

第二节观点类雅思作文高分写作思路

范例：

Nowadays computers are widely used in education. As a result, some people think teachers no longer play an important role in classrooms. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people think that machine translation is highly developed in today’s society. Therefore it is not necessary for children to learn a foreign language. What’s your opinion?

University should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. Do you agree or disagree?

Some people think that it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that people in the country have healthy lifestyles. Other people believe that individuals should be free to decide their own lifestyles. Please give your opinion.

标志性文字：

Do you agree or disagree?

To what extent do you agree or disagree? What’s your opinion?

Please give your own opinion.

重点在于：就题目讨论的问题，给出自己的观点

结构构思：

1. 传统的写作思路: 第一段亮出观点，然后分段给出不同的论据，最后一段收尾，总结全文，同时再次重申自己的观点

2. 高分作文，在于文字（词汇、句型、观点）方面制造亮点，不在于在结构方面铤而走险尝试新的方式

范文讲解1：

Nowadays people can use computers to talk, learn and communicate without leaving home. There is a danger that it will cause more isolation and a lack of communication among people. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

写作思路：

1.观点：电脑不会妨碍人和人之间的交流

小提示：科技类的文章，尽量选择正观点，讲述科技为人类做出的贡献为佳

2. 论据:

(1). 不能狭隘地理解交流和隔阂，在电脑屏幕前花很多的时间不等于缺乏与世隔绝，

Communication and isolation must not be defined in a narrow sense. Alienation of people is not caused by how little they talk or meet each other but by lack of interest in our fellow creatures or the world at large. 隔绝、疏远： isolation alienation

(2). 计算机让大家有了共同的兴趣，促进了人们之间的共鸣 common 共同的

Computers help to prevent isolation by bringing every possible field of interest onto the screen. You can broaden your interests and enrich your life by accessing whatever and whoever you are interested in. (3). 不同的时代有不同的交流方式，电脑就是当今时代的交流工具之一

Our mode of communication is forever changing and computers represent the latest way of communication. 远古时代： primitive primeval times shouts and gestures 呐喊和手势后来：文字和语言 spoken and written language

现代： we prefer emails to ordinary mails, chat room, forum, tele-conference (4). 互联网让我们时时刻刻都连接在一起，一切都可以在指尖上实现

The Internet keeps us linked to each other all the time. Everything is at the touch of a fingertip.

开篇：引入观点的技巧

Some people think…. Other people think… I think ….

…. has been a hot topic. Different people hold different views. In my opinion, …. …. has caused a lot of controversy. Some people think ….. but I think ….

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

With more time spent on computers and less with each others, people start to fear the dehumanizing effect of this wonderful human contrivance.

提出题目中以及提及到的观点

特别提醒：切忌不要重复题目中出现的语句，要适当地paraphrase，用不同的文字，来表达同样的内容亮点： contrivance 发明物普通词汇： invention

This inordinate concern is quite groundless. 简单地亮出自己的观点。 Inordinate 过量的

Several countries have been using nuclear energy technologies safely and see no inordinate concern in using and developing

additional technology.

第二段给出第一个论据

One doesn’t necessarily become isolated if he spends most of his time alone using a computer. Isolation only occurs when one is obsessed by his own affair and cares nothing about anything else. 着迷于某事、专注于某事 be obsessed by … be absorbed into be fascinated with be crazy about be captivated with …is in my blood. Music is in my blood.

Indeed, many feel isolated and lonely in the midst of crowds or even while talking to others because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs. 句式的多样和地道原始版本：

…because they are trapped in their own world or because others are trapped in their own worlds. 升级版本：

…because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs

第三段：

As far as communication is concerned, the using of computers is by no means detrimental. 产生不好的影响： negative effect dehumanizing effect detrimental effect deleterious

Why should computers be singled out as particularly deleterious? 出现问句，达到“句式多变”的高分必备要求 Single out 挑选出

What matters is not whether or not we communicate in the orthodox or traditional ways but the very fact that we do communicate.

orthodox 规范的、普遍赞许的、正统的

尾段：再次重申观点

Computer is but a tool, the misuse of which it is not responsible for.

以定语从句结尾，全文中出现了五种句式,除了普通的陈述句式之外，还出现了：（1）动词的分词引导的状语从句：

Invented some 60 years ago, computers have already transformed the way most of us live. （2）一般疑问句

Why should computers be singled out as particularly deleterious? （3）定语从句

Communication is made easy by technology, which promises infinite possibilities ahead.

（4）部分省略句

Indeed, many feel isolated and lonely in the midst of crowds or even while talking to others because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs.

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

Invented some 60 years ago, computers have already transformed the way most of us live. The advent of the Internet opens up the possibility of communicating and interacting via the computer. With more time spent on computers and less with each others, people start to fear the dehumanizing effect of this wonderful human contrivance. This inordinate concern is quite groundless.

One doesn’t necessarily become isolated if he spends most of his time alone using a computer. Isolation only occurs when one is obsessed by his own affair and cares nothing about anything else. Indeed, many feel isolated and lonely in the midst of crowds or even while talking to others because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs. Alienation of people is not caused by how little they talk or meet each other but by the lack of interest in our fellow creatures and the world at large. Hence, computers actually help to prevent isolation by bringing every possible field of interest onto the screen. Everything is at the touch of a fingertip. You can broaden your interests and enrich your life by accessing whatever and whoever you are interested in.

As far as communication is concerned, the using of computers is by no means detrimental. In primeval times our ancestors communicate by a simple system of shouts and gestures. Then spoken and written languages developed. We now prefer emails to ordinary letters. Our mode of communication is forever changing. Why should computers be singled out as particularly deleterious? What matters is not whether or not we communicate in the orthodox or traditional ways but the very fact that we do communicate. Indeed, computer technology facilitates the exchange of ideas and information. The Internet keeps us linked to each other all the time. Apart from the usual emails, chat rooms and forums, tele-conferencing is being employed daily to enhance communication. Communication is made easy by technology, which promises infinite possibilities ahead.

Thus, communication and isolation must not be defined in a narrow sense. Problems arise not from technological development but from people themselves. Computer is but a tool, the misuse of which it is not responsible for.

（中文翻译可以出现在电子讲义中即可，不需要出现在屏幕中）

如今，人们使用电脑足不出户就可以进行交流和学习。这有可能会引起人和人之间的隔阂，使得人与人之间缺乏交流。你是否同意这样的观点？

从六十年前被发明到现在，计算机已经改变了我们的生活方式。互联网的出现则使得人们利用计算机进行沟通交流成为了可能。人们花在电脑上的时间多了，花在人同他人交往上的时间少了，于是人们开始对这项人类伟大发明所带来的非人性效果感到恐惧。这种过度的担忧其实是杞人忧天。

疏远不是因为人们交谈见面的时间少了，而是因为人们对他人，对世界失去了兴趣。所以，计算机其实有助于防止这种人与人的隔绝，因为计算机把大家的各种领域的可能的共同兴趣都集中到了屏幕上来了。一切都可以在指尖上实现。不管你对什么事情，什么人物感兴趣，你都可以通过计算机满足你的兴趣，从而拓宽你的兴趣爱好，丰富你的生活。

从沟通的角度来看，计算机的使用也没有任何坏处。在原始时代，我们的祖先通过喊叫和手势来交流。然后，出现了语言和文字。现在我们更喜欢用电子邮件代替传统邮件。我们的沟通方式在不断的改变。为什么要单单指责计算机的害处呢？重要的不是我们是否通过传统的方式沟通，而是我们是否真正地进行沟通。事实上，计算机技术为我们交换想法和信息提供了方便。互相网使我们时时刻刻都相互联系在一起。除了电子邮件，我们每天还使用聊天室，论坛，远程会议等来加强我们间的沟通与交流。科技使我们的沟通变得容易了，为我们开辟了无限的机会。

所以，不能狭隘地看待沟通与交流。相关的问题不是技术发展带来的，而是产生于人们自身。计算机只是工具，它的滥用不能归咎于由计算机本身。

范文讲解2

As science and technology contribute most to the development of society, science students should get more financial support from government than students in other fields (eg. business, language, etc.). To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

第一步：

确定观点：反对该观点

第二步：确定论据：

（1）尽管科技取得了很多成就，甚至是很多的奇迹，仍然有很多问题让科技无能为力

Notwithstanding the achievements and miracles made possible by science, numerous issues cannot be solved by science or technology.

Notwithstanding = despite

举例：青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency

种族歧视racial discrimination 道德水平下降moral degradation the decline of moral standards

（2）一个学生能得到的经济援助应该由其学业成绩来决定

The amount of financial aid should be based on the students’ academic performance

第一段：

Never in history was science and technology so emphasized as in modern society. 开篇使用倒装句，吸引眼球，达到句式多变的要求

However, this lopsided emphasis seems ungrounded. Lopsided 不平衡的

Ungrounded groundless

This inordinate concern was quite groundless. 用简单的语言，亮出自己的观点。

第二段：

It is quite debatable that science and technology contribute more to human progress. 可商榷的、有异议的 debatable

arguable

questionable

Consensus has yet to be reached concerning ….

Modern people are more often plagued by problems of the heart, instead of the body. Plague 折磨

Trouble, bother, haunt, harass

This problem of air pollution has haunted every one in the city.

The material wealth generated by science and technology often pales against the peace of mind brought by art or literature. pale against 显得苍白无力

特别提醒：文章中一定要使用一定量的介词短语，以体现词汇量的丰富性(lexical resource)

第三段：

Grants or scholarships should not be lavished upon those without real interest in or dedication to a scholarly pursuit, whereas those with real potential should be offered adequate financial support lest they get distracted by working part time to pay for their education.

用or引导同义词或近义词，来展示词汇量 grants or scholarship

interest in or dedication to

lest以免

foremost 最重要的

第四段

In a larger sense, all subjects are vital to human progress. Vital 至关重要的 Very important Vitally important

（范文请出现在电子讲义中）

Never in history was science and technology so emphasized as in modern society. One is most likely to get a scholarship for graduate study overseas if he or she majors in science or technology. However, this lopsided emphasis seems ungrounded.

It is quite debatable that science and technology contribute more to human progress. Notwithstanding the achievements and miracles made possible by science, numerous issues cannot be solved by science or technology. Social issues such as juvenile delinquency, racial discrimination and moral degradation are all beyond the scope of science. Modern people are more often plagued by problems of the heart, instead of the body. The material wealth generated by science and technology often pales against the peace of mind brought by art or literature.

Besides, the amount of financial aid should be based on the students’ academic performance. How much financial support a student is to receive should be determined on an individual basis. Grants or scholarships should not be lavished upon those without real interest in or dedication to a scholarly pursuit, whereas those with real potential should be offered adequate financial support lest they get distracted by working part time to pay for their education. No matter what major they are in, the foremost criteria for receiving financial aid should be their academic potential. Thus, it is not justified to favor science majors more than other students.

In a larger sense, all subjects are vital to human progress. It will be a hopeless attempt to compare the importance of each subject. Financial support should be granted to those with real potential.

科技为社会进步做出的贡献最大，所以学科技的学生应该比别的专业（例如商业、语言等）的学生获得更多的财政支持。你是否同意这样的观点？

有史以来，科学技术从来没有像现在这样受到重视。如果所学的专业与科技有关，一个学生获得奖学金到国外留学的机会就会大幅增加。但是，这种过分的重视似乎并没有根据。

科技是否对人类的进步做出了更大的贡献是很值得商榷的。尽管科技取得了很多成就，甚至是很多的奇迹，仍然有很多问题让科技无能为力。青少年犯罪、种族歧视、道德败坏等社会问题都是科学不能解决的。现代人更多的时候是为心理问题所困扰，而不是生理问题。科技所带来的物质财富在艺术和文学给人们带来的心灵宁静面前显得苍白无力。

此外，一个学生能得到的经济援助应该由其学业成绩来决定，而且应该单独对待、因人而异。奖学金或者助学金不应该发给那些对学术追求没有真正兴趣、缺乏奉献精神的人，而应该发放给那些有学术潜能的学生，以免其为了付学费而打临时工影响学业。不管是什么专业，考虑对学生发放经济援助与否的最重要标准应该是他们的学术潜力。所以，不应该偏向于科学专业的学生。

从更高的意义上来说，对于人类进步来说，所有的学科都是重要的。我们无法比较究竟哪个学科更重要些。经济援助应该发放给那些真正有潜力的学生。

课后作业：

Modern technology gives people more free time, but actually they are busier than before. Do you agree or disagree?

Like me, most people are busy all day long. There never seems to be a free moment. It is indeed ironic that the so-called time saving devices actually take up more of our time. We are reluctant to turn everything off and take a moment with ourselves.

Mankind is unlikely to lead a more leisurely life in the foreseeable future because science and technology won’t ease our burden too much. Though touted as energy-saving, touch-button devices, most of inventions only open up the possibility of performing certain tasks simultaneously. Before the advent of cell phone, people wouldn’t think of calling others while walking. Thus, they didn’t have to endure the annoyance of answering the phone in the middle of something. It seems that technology makes our lives more efficient but not necessarily more leisurely: far from it actually. The moment we push the ‘print’ key, we don’t lean back and relax but turn our attention to something else.

Then, an optimist would laugh at the above assertion. Can’t we just relax and call it a day? We are in control of our own schedule. We don’t need to do extra work if we don’t want do. But it is no so. Contrary to common belief, a large portion of what we do is not determined by ourselves. At work, we are told what to do; at home we are influenced by family members. In short, we are influenced by peer pressure and social expectation. Even if one is strong-minded enough to turn off everything, he usually can’t afford to do so because of competition. Very few can remain indifferent to what is embraced by all and what is expected of them. Besides, new technology can be very alluring. It brings about conveniences and even wonders. Once hooked, few can resist the urge to use it to the full.

Fortunately or unfortunately, mankind is always pushing for something better. Tantalizing successes always loom ahead.

Having tasted the wonders of technology, we can not do without them. Hence we become increasingly busy.

现代科技为人们节省了大量的时间，但是人们却比过去更加繁忙了。你是否同意这样的说法？

大部分人像我一样，成天忙个不停。好像就没有闲下来的时候。那些所谓的节省时间的装置，事实上占用了我们更多的时间，这的确很有讽刺意味。人们总是不愿意把所有这些省时玩意儿关了，自己享受一下片刻的闲暇。

在可预见的将来，人们不可能过上悠闲的生活，因为将来的科技不会给我们减轻多少负担的。尽管有这么多的所谓节省时间，只要按一下按钮就行的玩意儿存在，但是大部分这些东西只是使得我们能够同时一心多用而已。在手机发明之前，人们不会想到要边走路边打电话。所以也不会出现在干着什么别的事情的时候，还必须讲电话的情况出现。看来，科技是我们的生活更高效了，但未必是更悠闲了。事实上，远谈不上悠闲。我们按下打印键之后，我们不是靠在椅子上休息，而是又要把注意力投到别的事情上去了。

那么，一个乐天派就会对本文题目的观点嗤之以鼻了。我们为什么不可以坐下来放松放松，停止工作呢？我们可以自己控制自己的安排。如果我们不想加班，我们可以不加。但是，实际情况不是这样的。和普遍存在的观点不同，其实人们所作的事情，在大部分情况下都不是自己能决定的。在工作的时候，上司安排我们的工作。在家里，我们的行为受到家庭其他成员的影响。总之，我们受到同伴的压力，受到社会期望的压力。即使一个意志力很强的人也不可能完全与社会切断联系，因为激烈的竞争不允许他这样做。很少有人能够对大家都接受的东西，或者对别人的期望无动于衷。而且，新科技的东西总是很吸引人的。它们带来了便利，甚至是奇迹。一旦喜欢上，很少有人能够不把这些高科技的东西大加利用。

人们总是在追求更好的东西，这不知是人类的幸运呢，还是不幸。总有成功的影子不断的在前方不远处诱惑着人类。品尝了科技的滋味后，我们已经离不开它们了。所以，我们变得越来越忙了。

第二节观点类雅思作文高分写作思路

范例：

Nowadays computers are widely used in education. As a result, some people think teachers no longer play an important role in classrooms. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people think that machine translation is highly developed in today’s society. Therefore it is not necessary for children to learn a foreign language. What’s your opinion?

University should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. Do you agree or disagree?

标志性文字：

Do you agree or disagree?

To what extent do you agree or disagree? What’s your opinion?

Please give your own opinion.

重点在于：就题目讨论的问题，给出自己的观点

结构构思：

1. 传统的写作思路: 第一段亮出观点，然后分段给出不同的论据，最后一段收尾，总结全文，同时再次重申自己的观点

2. 高分作文，在于文字（词汇、句型、观点）方面制造亮点，不在于在结构方面铤而走险尝试新的方式

范文讲解1：

写作思路：

1.观点：电脑不会妨碍人和人之间的交流

小提示：科技类的文章，尽量选择正观点，讲述科技为人类做出的贡献为佳

2. 论据:

(1). 不能狭隘地理解交流和隔阂，在电脑屏幕前花很多的时间不等于缺乏与世隔绝，

(2). 计算机让大家有了共同的兴趣，促进了人们之间的共鸣 common 共同的

现代： we prefer emails to ordinary mails, chat room, forum, tele-conference (4). 互联网让我们时时刻刻都连接在一起，一切都可以在指尖上实现

The Internet keeps us linked to each other all the time. Everything is at the touch of a fingertip.

开篇：引入观点的技巧

Some people think…. Other people think… I think ….

…. has been a hot topic. Different people hold different views. In my opinion, …. …. has caused a lot of controversy. Some people think ….. but I think ….

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

With more time spent on computers and less with each others, people start to fear the dehumanizing effect of this wonderful human contrivance.

提出题目中以及提及到的观点

特别提醒：切忌不要重复题目中出现的语句，要适当地paraphrase，用不同的文字，来表达同样的内容亮点： contrivance 发明物

普通词汇： invention

This inordinate concern is quite groundless. 简单地亮出自己的观点。 Inordinate 过量的

Several countries have been using nuclear energy technologies safely and see no inordinate concern in using and developing additional technology.

第二段给出第一个论据

One doesn’t necessarily become isolated if he spends most of his time alone using a computer. Isolation only occurs when one is obsessed by his own affair and cares nothing about anything else. 着迷于某事、专注于某事 be obsessed by … be absorbed into be fascinated with be crazy about be captivated with …is in my blood. Music is in my blood.

…because they are trapped in their own world or because others are trapped in their own worlds. 升级版本：

…because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs

第三段：

As far as communication is concerned, the using of computers is by no means detrimental. 产生不好的影响： negative effect dehumanizing effect detrimental effect deleterious

Why should computers be singled out as particularly deleterious? 出现问句，达到“句式多变”的高分必备要求 Single out 挑选出

What matters is not whether or not we communicate in the orthodox or traditional ways but the very fact that we do communicate.

orthodox 规范的、普遍赞许的、正统的

尾段：再次重申观点

Computer is but a tool, the misuse of which it is not responsible for.

以定语从句结尾，全文中出现了五种句式,除了普通的陈述句式之外，还出现了：（1）动词的分词引导的状语从句：

Invented some 60 years ago, computers have already transformed the way most of us live. （2）一般疑问句

Why should computers be singled out as particularly deleterious? （3）定语从句

Communication is made easy by technology, which promises infinite possibilities ahead. （4）部分省略句

Indeed, many feel isolated and lonely in the midst of crowds or even while talking to others because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs.

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

One doesn’t necessarily become isolated if he spends most of his time alone using a computer. Isolation only occurs when one is obsessed by his own affair and cares nothing about anything else. Indeed, many feel isolated and lonely in the midst of crowds or even while talking to others because they are trapped in their own world or because others are in theirs. Alienation of people is not caused by how little they talk or meet each other but by the lack of interest in our fellow creatures and the world at large. Hence, computers actually help to prevent isolation by bringing every possible field of interest onto the screen. Everything is at the touch of a fingertip. You can broaden your interests and enrich your life by accessing whatever and whoever you are interested in.

（中文翻译可以出现在电子讲义中即可，不需要出现在屏幕中）

如今，人们使用电脑足不出户就可以进行交流和学习。这有可能会引起人和人之间的隔阂，使得人与人之间缺乏交流。你是否同意这样的观点？

从六十年前被发明到现在，计算机已经改变了我们的生活方式。互联网的出现则使得人们利用计算机进行沟通交流成为了可能。人们花在电脑上的时间多了，花在人同他人交往上的时间少了，于是人们开始对这项人类伟大发明所

带来的非人性效果感到恐惧。这种过度的担忧其实是杞人忧天。

即使一个人花了很多时间在电脑上，也不一定就会与世隔绝。真正的隔绝其实是指一个人过分专注于自己的事情，对其他一切都置之度外。事实上，很多人即使身处人群当中，甚至在和别人谈话过程中，仍感到孤独寂寞，因为他自己已经深深陷入了自己的世界当中，或者因为他周围的人陷入了他们自己的世界当中。总的来说，人与人之间的疏远不是因为人们交谈见面的时间少了，而是因为人们对他人，对世界失去了兴趣。所以，计算机其实有助于防止这种人与人的隔绝，因为计算机把大家的各种领域的可能的共同兴趣都集中到了屏幕上来了。一切都可以在指尖上实现。不管你对什么事情，什么人物感兴趣，你都可以通过计算机满足你的兴趣，从而拓宽你的兴趣爱好，丰富你的生活。

所以，不能狭隘地看待沟通与交流。相关的问题不是技术发展带来的，而是产生于人们自身。计算机只是工具，它的滥用不能归咎于由计算机本身。

范文讲解2

第一步：

确定观点：反对该观点

第二步：确定论据：

（1）尽管科技取得了很多成就，甚至是很多的奇迹，仍然有很多问题让科技无能为力

Notwithstanding the achievements and miracles made possible by science, numerous issues cannot be solved by science or technology.

Notwithstanding = despite

举例：青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency

种族歧视racial discrimination 道德水平下降moral degradation the decline of moral standards

（2）一个学生能得到的经济援助应该由其学业成绩来决定

The amount of financial aid should be based on the students’ academic performance

第一段：

Never in history was science and technology so emphasized as in modern society. 开篇使用倒装句，吸引眼球，达到句式多变的要求

However, this lopsided emphasis seems ungrounded. Lopsided 不平衡的

Ungrounded groundless

This inordinate concern was quite groundless. 用简单的语言，亮出自己的观点。

第二段：

It is quite debatable that science and technology contribute more to human progress. 可商榷的、有异议的 debatable arguable

questionable

Consensus has yet to be reached concerning ….

Modern people are more often plagued by problems of the heart, instead of the body. Plague 折磨

Trouble, bother, haunt, harass

This problem of air pollution has haunted every one in the city.

The material wealth generated by science and technology often pales against the peace of mind brought by art or literature. pale against 显得苍白无力

特别提醒：文章中一定要使用一定量的介词短语，以体现词汇量的丰富性(lexical resource)

第三段：

用or引导同义词或近义词，来展示词汇量 grants or scholarship

interest in or dedication to

lest以免

foremost 最重要的

第四段

In a larger sense, all subjects are vital to human progress. Vital 至关重要的 Very important Vitally important

（范文请出现在电子讲义中）

Besides, the amount of financial aid should be based on the students’ academic performance. How much financial support a

student is to receive should be determined on an individual basis. Grants or scholarships should not be lavished upon those without real interest in or dedication to a scholarly pursuit, whereas those with real potential should be offered adequate financial support lest they get distracted by working part time to pay for their education. No matter what major they are in, the foremost criteria for receiving financial aid should be their academic potential. Thus, it is not justified to favor science majors more than other students.

In a larger sense, all subjects are vital to human progress. It will be a hopeless attempt to compare the importance of each subject. Financial support should be granted to those with real potential.

科技为社会进步做出的贡献最大，所以学科技的学生应该比别的专业（例如商业、语言等）的学生获得更多的财政支持。你是否同意这样的观点？

课后作业：

Modern technology gives people more free time, but actually they are busier than before. Do you agree or disagree?

everything, he usually can’t afford to do so because of competition. Very few can remain indifferent to what is embraced by all and what is expected of them. Besides, new technology can be very alluring. It brings about conveniences and even wonders. Once hooked, few can resist the urge to use it to the full.

Fortunately or unfortunately, mankind is always pushing for something better. Tantalizing successes always loom ahead. Having tasted the wonders of technology, we can not do without them. Hence we become increasingly busy.

现代科技为人们节省了大量的时间，但是人们却比过去更加繁忙了。你是否同意这样的说法？

第四节 “原因+建议”类雅思作文高分写作思路

特点：

题目给出一种社会现象，要求考生指出这种现象出现的原因，同时给出自己的相关建议

范例：

Waste disposal presents increasing problems, especially in urban areas. What do you think are the causes? Give some suggestion to the government and individuals on how to reduce the amount of rubbish.

Each year, crime committed by young people is on the rise. What are the reasons? Suggest some solutions.

The world of work is changing rapidly. People today no longer take one job for life. Discuss the causes of these changes. What suggestions would you make for young people to prepare themselves for the work in future?

Many schools are troubled by students’ behavioral problems. What are the causes? What solutions do you recommend?

标志性文字：

What are the reasons? Please give your suggestion. What are the causes? Please suggest some solutions.

What are the causes? What solutions do you recommend?

Discuss the reasons. What suggestions would you make for them?

难度在于：

1.就题目给出的话题，既要给出原因，同时还要给出自己的建议，对思维深度要求较高 2.写作时要“主次分明”，把握文章的重点

结构构思：

1. 传统的写作思路1，平均分配“原因”和“建议”: 第一段引入话题，第二段给出造成这种现象的原因，第三段给出相关的建议。

特别提醒：使用“平均分配”写法时，因为不涉及到个人观点，一般不需要在最后总结全文 2. 传统的写作思路2，重点阐述“原因”（“建议”），同时确保文中有涉及到“建议”（“原因”）即可：第一段引入话题，第二段讲“原因”，第三、四段并列，给出不同的“建议”，最后一段收尾、总结全文特别提醒：使用“不平均分配”写法时，最后一段以有收尾的语句为佳

3. 高分作文，在于文字（词汇、句型、观点）方面制造亮点，不在于在结构方面铤而走险尝试新的方式

范文讲解1：

In the past, people spent their entire lives doing one job. But nowadays, they change their jobs frequently. Please give the reasons and your suggestions.

写作思路：

1.“平均分配”写法：分别用一段来阐述“原因”和“建议”

2. 原因

（1）跳槽热在很大程度上是由当今社会所发生的巨大变革引发的。 Lead to, cause, contribute to,

The job hopping frenzy can be attributed mainly to the remarkable social changes taking place nowadays. （2）必须长期在一间公司工作才可以在职场获得提升的现象已经没有了

The days when being on a progressive career path meant staying at the same company for life are long gone. （3）雇主看重的是员工是否在供职时全身心地投入工作

They now place more emphasis on ensuring that employees are engaged and committed during the time they spend with them

（4）今天的雇员们可以相对容易地改变自己的工作，跳槽难度降低了很多 there is scope for employees to switch jobs with relative ease

3. 建议

（1）降低员工的期望值 narrow expectation

（2）提供工作样本，让申请人了解这个工作

HR managers should sample job experiences before the interview to give job candidates a more complete picture about working in the company.

小提示：使用“平均分配”思路的时候，最后一段不需要总结全文

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）第一段：

目的：引入话题

普通版： painful, uncomfortable,

升级版pathetic(悲惨的), depressing（让人沮丧的）, frightful（可怕的）, unpleasing（不愉快的）, disagreeable（不愉快的），deplorable(可悲的)，miserable（痛苦的）一次又一次地换工作：普通版：

Employees move from one job to another from time to time. Employees move from one job to another again and again. 升级版：

Employees move from one job to another in rapid succession. succession 连续

in rapid succession 频频地（快速且连续不断的）

Living with Charles' blood kin, seeing the home from which he came, Scarlett could now understand a little better the boy who had made her wife, widow and mother in such rapid succession.

斯嘉丽跟查尔斯的亲人们住在一起,看到他出生的那个家庭,如今才对这位在短短的时间里娶她为妻,丢下她当寡妇和年轻母亲的小伙子了解稍稍多了一点。

Conventional reasons people give for job hopping include lousy bosses, miserable salaries and hostile work environments. Yet the fundamental reason has always been hidden and thus ignored by the general public. 模板句型

Conventional reasons people give include …. Yet the fundamental reason has always been hidden and thus ignored by the general public. 素材积累

讨厌工作的原因：

老板不好：demanding(要求多的), hard-nosed(精明顽固的), crummy(糟糕的), dictatorial(独裁的), capricious(反复无常的), lousy(差劲的)

工资不理想：poor salary, miserable(令人痛苦的),abysmal(糟糕的),

工作环境恶劣：hazardous working conditions(危险的工作环境), hostile(不友好的), hierarchical(等级分明的)

第二段：给出“原因”

The job hopping frenzy can be attributed mainly to the remarkable social changes taking place nowadays. 第一句话给出段落主题句，后面再具体阐述social changes (社会变化)的影响 attribute … to … 将原因归咎于。。。给出原因时常用的句型： The reasons/causes are manifold.

造成这种现象的原因是多种多样的。

The 21st century is characterized by the rapid rate of change. Nations around the world are experiencing dramatic shifts in their political, economic and social structures. These shifts have radically changed how people view job hopping. dramatic shifts 巨大的变化 dramatic change

change / shift: remarkable(显著的), considerable(相当大的), dramatic(戏剧性的), enormous(巨大的), extensive(广泛的), far-reaching(深远的), fundamental(根本的), momentous(重大的), profound(深刻的), radical(根本的), significant(显著的), irresistible(不可抵抗的) , irretrievable (不能复原的)

The days when being on a progressive career path meant staying at the same company for life are long gone.

Neither employers nor employees directly link long service with loyalty now.

Employers no longer think that the number of employers an individual has worked for provided the best measure of loyalty. Instead, they now place more emphasis on ensuring that employees are engaged and committed during the time they spend with them, believing this is more likely to deliver results. 动词的ing形式充当伴随状语，达到“句式多变”的高分要求

This means there is scope for employees to switch jobs with relative ease and take charge of their own progression and development at their own pace.

第三段：给出“建议”

Despite the irresistible and irretrievable social change, there are things that HR managers can do to improve the current situation.

引出“建议”时，常用的句型：

Despite (the reasons), there are things … can do to improve the current situation.

It should be noticed that sometimes employees choose to leave because they find that the jobs or the workplaces are far from what they have expected.

The working hours are not as promised, training or promotions don't come through, and managers may have misrepresented pay offers.

To narrow expectations, HR managers should sample job experiences before the interview to give job candidates a more complete picture about working in the company. 词汇搭配：

降低期望值 to narrow expectations

全文回顾： 1. 三段式结构

2. “平均分配”思路，“原因”和“建议”各一段

3. 使用“平均分配”思路的文章，最后可以不写全文总结的句子

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

In the past, people spent their entire lives doing one job. But nowadays, they change their jobs frequently. Please give the reasons and your suggestions.

Though the experience of moving from one job to another can sometimes be distressing or even traumatic, thousands of employees move from one job to another in rapid succession every year. Conventional reasons people give for job hopping include lousy bosses, miserable salaries and hostile work environments. Yet the fundamental reason has always been hidden and thus ignored by the general public.

The job hopping frenzy can be attributed mainly to the remarkable social changes taking place nowadays. The 21st century is characterized by the rapid rate of change. Nations around the world are experiencing dramatic shifts in their political, economic and social structures. These shifts have radically changed how people view job hopping. The days when being on a progressive career path meant staying at the same company for life are long gone. Neither employers nor employees directly link long service with loyalty now. Employers no longer think that the number of employers an individual has worked for provided the best measure of loyalty. Instead, they now place more emphasis on ensuring that employees are engaged and committed during the time they spend with them, believing this is more likely to deliver results. This means there is scope for employees to switch jobs with relative ease and take charge of their own progression and development at their own pace.

Despite the irresistible and irretrievable social change, there are things that HR managers can do to improve the current situation. It should be noticed that sometimes employees choose to leave because they find that the jobs or the workplaces are far from what they have expected. The working hours are not as promised, training or promotions don't come through, and managers may have misrepresented pay offers. To narrow expectations, HR managers should sample job experiences before the interview to give job candidates a more complete picture about working in the company.

过去人们往往一辈子从事同一份工作，而如今人们却频繁地更换工作。请给出造成这种现象的原因以及你的建议。

虽然有时更换工作会让人感到烦恼甚至受伤，每年还是有成千上万的员工在短时间内连续更换工作。导致员工跳槽的常见原因包括可恶的老板、少得可怜的工资和恶劣的工作环境。然而，最根本的原因却往往被人们忽视了。

跳槽热在很大程度上是由当今社会所发生的巨大变革引发的。急剧的变化，是21世纪的最大特点。世界各国都经历着政治、经济、社会结构等方面的巨大转变。这些转变从根本上改变了人们对跳槽的看法。以往那种必须长期在一间公司工作才可以在职场获得提升的日子已经一去不返了。如今，无论是雇主还是雇员，都不会把长期供职于一间公司与忠诚度联系在一起。雇主们不再认为员工的雇主数目是衡量其忠诚度的最好方法。相反，他们更加看重的是员工是否在供职时全身心地投入工作，因为他们相信只要这样，就可以取得好的工作效果。这也就意味着，今天的雇员们可以相对容易地改变自己的工作，按自己的节奏来管理自己的职业发展。

虽然社会变化是不可抗拒和不可改变的，人事经理们仍然可以改善当前的状况。需要注意到的是，有的时候员工决定离开，仅仅是因为他们觉得工作本身或是工作环境和自己原本所期待的有很大的差异。工作时间不是原本承诺的，培训或晋升的机会也迟迟未能公布，人事经理甚至在薪资方面撒谎。为了降低员工的期望值，人事经理应该在面试申请人之前，先做出符合现状的工作样本，让申请人能够更加全面地了解实际的工作情况。

范文讲解2

Choosing a suitable career is a problem that faces many young people. What are the reasons? What suggestion

would you give to them to help them make the right decision?

写作思路：

1.“不平均分配”写法：用一段来阐述“原因”，用并列两段来阐明“建议”，最后用一小段收尾

2. 原因

（1）巨大的个人收入差距 difference in personal incomes disparity in personal incomes （2）能力不够的员工被解雇

incapable employees are dismissed

3. 建议

（1）终生学习，提升自己 Life-long learning

（2）做好思想准备，因为在他们求职的过程中难免会有挫折 be mentally prepared for the possible frustrations

4．总结：工作前景依然是不错的 The prospect looks good for all of us

小提示：使用“不平均分配”思路的时候，最后一段需要收尾

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

第一段：

目的：引入话题

Outplacement services 协助寻找新工作的服务 Swarm 涌入

走：stride (大步地走), swagger(大摇大摆地走), stagger (蹒跚), wander(漫步), trudge(艰难地走),stroll(闲逛),amble(缓行)

When you trudge through the melting snow of the highland and see one or a row of white poplars standing proudly on the vast plains, how could you look upon them as nothing but mere trees?

当你在积雪初融的高原上走过,看见平坦的大地上傲然挺立这么一株或一排白杨树,难道你觉得它只是树? 《白杨礼赞》

In Guangzhou alone, there are about ten large-scale employment services and still many smaller ones, all of

which are earning good money thanks to the growing number of job seekers in recent years. Job hunter = job seeker

第一段：以故事引入找工作的话题。

1. 剑桥雅思系列中，多次出现这种引入话题的方式 2. 对语言能力要求高，慎用

第二段：阐明这种现象的“原因”

Things were quite different thirty years ago, when most people hold one job all the time. were…. hold

中国学生需要特别注意防止“时态”方面的低级错误。

Today, however, it is much harder to find a suitable job.

The booming economy has created stark disparity in personal incomes, with some jobs considerably better paid than others. 收入的巨大差异：

普通版：significant differences in personal incomes 升级版：stark disparity in personal incomes

Hence, people change their jobs more often, in the hope of becoming better off with their new employers. in the hope of 怀着…希望

better off 境况好起来，生活优裕起来

What is more, the fierce competitions between business firms also lead to the dismissal of incapable employees. 不称职的 unqualified, incapable, incompetent

解雇： fire someone, sack someone, dismiss someone, the dismissal of someone, make someone redundant

They have no choice but seek another job.

All these contribute to the increase in the number of job-hoppers. contribute to 引起

引起：cause, trigger, give rise to, arouse, lead to, give occasion to,

第三段：给出第一个“建议”

Outlined below are some of my suggestions to the young people who desire a successful career.

To begin with, it is wise to remember that learning is a life-long process which is not limited to school education. to begin with 首先（暗示后面还有很多“建议”）

Without constant learning, one may easily fall behind the times. Young people should understand that in addition to knowledge and skills, the ability to learn is also essential to their future development.

第四段：给出第二个“建议”

Besides, youngsters should get mentally prepared for the possible frustrations they may encounter while hunting for jobs. be mentally prepared 做好精神准备

做好心理准备 by psychologically prepared 做好财务准备 be financially prepared

They may have to change a number of jobs before finding the most suitable one. While everybody is of some value to the society, it takes time for their value to be recognized by the community, or even by themselves. Provided that sustained effort is made, everybody will succeed in one profession or another.

第五段：收尾

Work is likely to become more demanding, and competition fiercer, but as long as we are fully prepared, the prospect looks good for all of us.

特别提醒：使用“不平均分配”思路的时候，最后一段需要收尾

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

Choosing a suitable career is a problem that faces many young people. What are the reasons? What suggestion would you give to them to help them make the right decision?

Each day, over a thousand job hunters swarm into the South China Employment Service (SCES), one of the largest placement services in town, either to present themselves to potential employers or to have their resumes entered in the database of SCES. In Guangzhou alone, there are about ten large-scale employment services and still many smaller ones, all of which are earning good money thanks to the growing number of job seekers in recent years.

Things were quite different thirty years ago, when most people hold one job all the time. Today, however, it is much harder to find a suitable job. The booming economy has created stark disparity in personal incomes, with some jobs considerably better paid than others. Hence, people change their jobs more often, in the hope of becoming better off with their new employers. What is more, the fierce competitions between business firms also lead to the dismissal of incapable employees. They have no choice but seek another job. All these contribute to the increase in the number of job-hoppers.

Outlined below are some of my suggestions to the young people who desire a successful career. To begin with, it is wise to remember that learning is a life-long process which is not limited to school education. Without constant learning, one may easily fall behind the times. Young people should understand that in addition to knowledge and skills, the ability to learn is also essential to their future development.

Besides, youngsters should get mentally prepared for the possible frustrations they may encounter while hunting for jobs. They may have to change a number of jobs before finding the most suitable one. While everybody is of some value to the society, it takes time for their value to be recognized by the community, or even by themselves. Provided that sustained effort is made, everybody will succeed in one profession or another.

Work is likely to become more demanding, and competition fiercer, but as long as we are fully prepared, the prospect looks good for all of us.

对于很多年轻人来说，选择一份合适的工作，是个不小的问题。请给出造成这种现象的原因并且给出如何做出正确的决定的建议。

每天都有一千多人涌入南方人才市场－－广州最大的人才市场之一。他们来到这里与他们潜在的雇主进行面谈，或者是把简历录入该市场的数据库。仅在广州就有大约十家这样的大型人才市场，还有许多小型的。它们都经营得很好，因为近些年来找工作的人越来越多。

然而，三十年前情况就大不相同。当时，大部分人一辈子就干一份工作。如今，人们更难找到一份合适的工作了。蓬勃发展的经济带来了巨大的个人收入差距，有些工作的收入大大高于其他工作。所以，人们更频繁地换工作，希望新的工作能带来更好的经济回报。而且，公司之间竞争激烈，常常导致那些能力不够的员工被解雇。所以，他们没有办法，只好另找工作。所有这些因素共同导致了求职者的增加。

下面是我对那些追求职业成功的年轻人的几点建议。首先，要记住，学习是终生的事情，不仅仅限于学校的学习。如果没有不断的学习，你就很容易被时代拉在了后面。年轻人应该明白，除了知识和技能，学习的能力对于他们将来的发展也是很重要的。

另外，年轻人应该做好思想准备，因为在他们求职的过程中难免会有挫折。也许在找到最适合的工作之前，要换好几次工作。尽管每个人对于社会来说，都有自己的价值。但是这种价值要为社会、甚至为自己所发现，都需要一定的时间。只要付出了不懈的努力，每个人都会在某个领域获得成功的。

现在的工作，对人的要求是越来越高了，竞争也越来越激烈了，但是只要我们准备充分，每个人的前景都是美好的。

课后作业1：

Many schools are troubled by students’ behavioral problems. What are the causes? What solutions do you recommend?

答案

According to my former teacher from America, China probably boasts the best students in terms of orderly behavior. But I still find it hard to tolerate some students both in and outside the classroom. The situation seems to be deteriorating in China. The causes are many fold.

In the first place, children today are generally spoiled. Since China implemented the one-child policy, most families are allowed only one kid, who is usually regarded as the apple of parents’ eye. Together with two maternal and paternal grandparents, parents go too far in the attempt to provide their child with everything. Hence, the kid is used to getting what they want. Taking their parents’ love for granted, those kids become unappreciative and self-centered. They tend to show little respect for their teachers, regarding them as nothing more than paid employees hired by their parents.

Being an only child, he or she is also likely to have trouble dealing with classmates in school. With no experience of sharing and compromising with one’s siblings, one lacks the necessary interpersonal skill to get along with one’s classmates in school, where dozens of students mingle with each other on a daily basis. Had they been taught to be more considerate of others’ needs and rights, they would not engage so readily in arguing or fighting with each other.

Peer pressure is by no means the smallest reason for students’ behavior problems. A boy is often jeered at and called mummy’s boy by other boys if he is obedient and causes no trouble. In their mind, teenagers, boys at least, should be rebellious and follow no orders. Therefore, many of them assume an indifferent air towards their teachers, parents and classmates. Study becomes unimportant for them; they are too engrossed in getting a few cheers from their peers for being

manly, daring, and cool. No wonder they intentionally cause some trouble from time to time. Attention and admiration is what they are after.

It will always be hard to shape the younger generation according to the standards of the older. However, some steps can be taken to address those problems. Giving the youth more responsibility and less privilege would certainly help. Having them working together on a more regular basis can help enhance the understanding and harmony between students.

很多学校都为学生的行为问题所困扰。导致这些问题的原因是什么？你有什么解决方法可以推荐？

据我以前的美国外教说，中国学生可能是世界上最遵守规矩的学生。但是我仍然发现有些学生在课堂内外的行为令人无法忍受。而且这种情况在中国有愈演愈烈的趋势。其原因是多方面的。

首先，在中国，如今的孩子都备受溺爱。自从中国实施了一家只生一个孩子的政策，大部分家庭都只有一个孩子。独生子女往往都成了父母的掌上明珠。在加上爷爷奶奶、外公外婆，父母尽量做到孩子要什么给什么。所以，孩子总是能得到他们想要的。把父母对他们的溺爱看作是理所当然的。这些孩子变得不懂得感激，以自我为中心。他们对老师没有充分的尊重，认为老师只不过是他们父母花钱请来的雇员而已。

独生子女往往在学校更难处理同学关系。由于没有和兄弟姐妹分享和妥协的经历，在学校这样一个每天都要和几十个同学相处的地方，独生子女缺乏和同学相处所必需的人际交往技巧。如果他们能学会要更多地体谅别人的需要和权利，那么他们就不会轻易的和别人发生争执和冲突了。

同伴的压力往往也是导致学生行为问题的重要原因。一个男孩如果太听话从不惹事的话，他的同伴就会笑话他是妈妈的乖宝宝。在他们的心目中，至少男孩子因该是叛逆的，不听话的。因此，许多青少年就会对他们的老师、父母、同学不屑一顾。学习对他们来说无足轻重。他们关心的是如何显得有气概，勇敢，够酷，得到同伴的喝彩。怪不得他们总是故意时不时地惹些事端出来。他们追求的是别人的注意力和羡慕。

想要以老一代的标准来塑造新一代，是很难办到的。但是，总还是有些措施可以用来解决这些问题。多给青少年一些责任，少一些优待，是很有效的方法。让他们多合作，增进学生之间的相互理解及和睦相处。

课后作业2

It is said that life is becoming increasingly stressful for most people. What is the reason of this phenomenon and how could this problem be solved?

答案：

Most people would say life is improving, expect those in Africa or living in the throes of regional conflicts. But at the same time, life is becoming ever more stressful, leading to ten of thousands of suicides each year. It is high time that we pinpoint the causes and come up with some solutions.

Work is a main source of stress for most people. With the unemployment rate running high in even the most affluent countries, job security is becoming less and less guaranteed. To keep their jobs, people are compelled to work longer hours and achieve better performances. Getting ahead in the workplace becomes our priority, to the extent that we think about it all the time and can never really relax or take a break. Even for those with secure jobs, promotions and better salaries are irresistible, forever coaxing them to try their uttermost.

The relationship with one’s fellow human being also adds to one’s stress. People are becoming more isolated nowadays, not only from strangers but even from close relatives and friends. Everyone is engrossed in his or her own affair with no energy for or interest in what happens to other people. Real communication between people is on the decline. As a result, emotions get bottled up. People are more linked by economic interests than emotional needs. Genuine friendship becomes hard to find;

even marriages are purely based on financial considerations. No wonder people tend to feel the whole weight of the world on their shoulders.

While the right amount of pressure is often beneficial, the stress experienced by most people is detrimental both physically and mentally. Work and material wealth are far overrated and need to be put into its proper perspective. In addition, people need to improve their relationship with others around them, be it a colleague, a loved one, or a total stranger, by really communicating with and caring for each other.

大多数人的生活压力都变得愈来愈大。导致这种现象的原因是什么？这个问题应该如何解决？

除了那些生活在非洲，或者战火纷飞地区的人，大部分人都会说现在的生活比以前改善了很多。但是与此同时，生活也变得越来越有压力。这导致每年有成千上万的人自杀。现在是找出原因、拿出解决办法的时候了。

对大部分人来说，工作是压力的主要来源。在大部分国家，甚至是最富裕的国家，失业率都居高不下，稳定的工作越来越得不到保障。为了保住饭碗，人们被迫工作更长的时间，努力达到最佳工作业绩。如何在职场上有所发展成为了我们的首要关注，以至于我们时时刻刻都在想着工作，根本无法真正地放松或者休息一下。即使对于那些有稳定工作的人来说，由于受到升职，加薪的诱惑，他们也总是在竭尽全力努力工作。

人与人之间的关系也给我们带来压力。如今，人们变得更加孤立了。不仅是同陌生人，而且和亲戚朋友也是一样。每个人都如此关注自己的事情，没有更多的精力和兴趣去关心别人。相互间的交流少了。其结果是情感得不到释放。人们之间更多的是经济利益关系，而不是情感需求。真正的友谊变得难以寻觅，甚至连婚姻也仅仅是基于经济因素的考虑了。难怪人们越来越感到整个世界的重担都压在了自己的肩上。

尽管适量的压力是有益的，但过多的重负对大多数人来说，都会造成生理上和心理上的危害。人们过于看重工作和物质财富。人们应该用合理的角度对它们进行重新审视。另外，人们应该改善同周围人的关系，不管他是同事、爱人或者陌生人。人与人之间要相互交流和关心。

第五节 “优劣势”类雅思作文高分写作思路

特点：

题目给出一种事物，要求考生同时指出这种事物的优点和缺点

范例：

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of people traveling abroad to work for a certain period of time.

Today some people have to work away from their family. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

标志性文字：

Advantage disadvantage Strength weakness

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of … What are the advantages and disadvantages of …?

难度在于：

1.就题目给出的话题，既要给出优点，同时还要缺点，对思维深度要求较高 2.写作时要“留有余地”，把握文章的重点

结构构思：

1. 传统的写作思路，文章分成四段: 第一段引入话题，第二段给出优点，第三段给出缺点，第四段在收尾的同时，给出自己的看法

特别提醒：论述优、缺点，要有一个侧重，不需要使用同样比例的文字来论述优、缺点

2. 高分作文，在于文字（词汇、句型、观点）方面制造亮点，不在于在结构方面铤而走险尝试新的方式

范文讲解1：

Some people think that bicycle is the best way to travel from place to place. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the bicycle.

写作思路：

1. 文章分成四段: 第一段引入“bicycle”这个话题话题，第二段给出“bicycle”的优点，第三段给出其缺点，第四段在收尾的同时，给出自己的看法，即“bicycle”利大于弊

2. 优势advantages

（1）骑车对身体有好处

普通版：is good for our health 升级版：contribute to our health 燃烧卡路里 burn calories

锻炼身体的协调能力 train our hand-eye-feet coordination 减肥 the best sport for overweight people （2）骑车很环保 Environment-friendly

（3）塞车时，骑车很方便

Due to traffic congestion, cycling is the quickest way to reach your destination （4）骑车很安全

Even in the event of such an accident, people involved usually get away with a few scratches at the worst.

3. 劣势 disadvantages （1）不能遮风挡雨

Bicycles can not shield against rain or dust （2）坐垫不舒服

The saddle is usually uncomfortable （3）不适合长距离旅行 Unfit for long distance travel

4.观点：支持自行车

Bicycles never fail to fascinate me.

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

第一段：

目的：引入话题

Nowhere are bikes more widely used than in China.

倒装句： Bikes are used nowhere more widely than in China. 雅思写作高分必备条件：句式多变

About 300 million bikes are being used daily around the country, mainly for transport purposes. 重复题目里的观点：

Bicycle is the best way to travel from place to place.

Bicycles are being used daily around the country, mainly for transport purposes. 高分作文的大忌：机械地照搬题目里出现的语句和词汇

Indeed, I would certainly cycle to work if I lived nearer to my workplace. ..if I lived nearer to my workplace 虚拟语气 If I were working in a foreign country, …

If students were allowed to decide their own subjects, … 高分写作必须杜绝的两种低级错误：时态和单复数

第一段：例举数字，引入话题。

特别提醒：例举的故事、数字、名人名句，精确性不重要，关键是能带入相关话题

第二段：阐述自行车的advantages Riding a bike contributes to our health. 开门见山指出第一个优势

其它写法：Riding a bicycle does have its appeals.

At the very least, cycling burns calorie. In fact, it does much more. 高分写作句型：At the very least, … In fact, it does more. 用at the very least (至少)，引入第一个优势。

用 In fact, it does more (事实上，它的益处远不局限于此)来引入其它的优势。例如:

At the very least, bilingual education can sharpen a student’s language ability. In fact, it does more.

Cycling helps to train our eye-hand-feet coordination and sharpens our sense of balance. to train our coordination and to sharpen sense of balance 体育相关的词语:

Coordination(协调), sense of balance(平衡性), endurance (耐力), explosive force(爆发力), vital capacity(肺活量), agility(灵活性), capability in rapid response(反应能力)

A suitable amount of exercise helps to keep you more responsive, adaptive and flexible. 一定量的运动可以让你反应更快，而且更具适应性和灵活性。

It is easy to learn and not physically demanding. It is probably the best sport for overweight people.

Besides, the air will be a lot cleaner if more people choose to use bikes instead of cars. 使用“Besides”，自然过渡到下一个advantage 类似的词语: furthermore, moreover, in addition,

Bicycle is the most environment-friendly means of transport except for walking, which has the intolerable downside of being too slow.

高分搭配：intolerable downside 无法容忍的缺点

与downside\\disadvantage（缺点）搭配的词语：

普通版：obvious(明显的), great(大的), main(主要的), major(主要的) 升级版：considerable(相当大的), distinct(明显的), manifest(明显的), intolerable(不可容忍的), unendurable(无法容忍的), unbearable(无法容忍的), insufferable(无法容忍的), inevitable(不可避免的), doubly(双倍地)

动词： experience(遭遇), suffer from(遭遇), offset(抵消), outweigh(抵消), overcome(克服), remove(消除)

Though bilingual education may sound practical at first thought, it inevitably puts students at a distinct disadvantage.

Actually, due to traffic congestion, cycling is often the quickest way to reach your destination. Traffic congestion = traffic jam 交通堵塞

The thoroughfares in the country were congested during the peak season of tourism.

Apart from being clean and quick, cycling is safe. This means safety for ourselves and others. 写作句型： Apart from…., cycling is .... This means … 用apart from引入新的advantage

用this means来开始对新的优势的具体描述

In light of the actual speed at which a bike usually travels, the likelihood of a collision with pedestrians and fellow cyclists is minimal. Even in the event of such an accident, people involved usually get away with a few scratches at the worst. 短语的使用：in light of 考虑到

The progress was indeed encouraging in light of the small profit the company posted last year. in the event of 万一、倘若高科技（核能）的优势：

In light of the natural resources nuclear power stations are consuming, the likelihood of air pollution is minimal. Even in the event of nuclear leak, people affected by it are usually informed of the potential damage. 特别提醒：词组的使用，可以展示lexical resource(词汇资源)，达到高分的要求

第三段：骑车的缺点

Having said that, a more critical rider may find a bike less than satisfactory. 常见的“优势”过渡到“劣势”的句型： Having said that, a more critical … may find …

Having said that, a more critical reader may find the content too artificial. However, a careful thought would reveal that it is not without its drawbacks.

For example, it can’t shield against rain or dust; the saddle is often uncomfortable. 并列句：句式多变 shield against 阻隔

Our society’s hatred of a certain behavior can not usually shield against conductions of the same kind by individual social members.

Besides, bikes are unfit for long distance travel. After all, most people can’t ride more than 20 miles at a stretch. at a stretch 一口气

第四段：收尾

Taken all together, the bicycle is indeed a brilliant human invention. Unlike many other devices, bike reinforces our reliance on ourselves both physically and mentally. Taken all together 综合来说

This never fails to fascinate me. 用委婉的方式给出自己的观点类似的句子：

This appeals to me constantly.

This always holds considerable appeal for me. 这个对我一直很有吸引力。

This has always converted it into a public temptation. 这使得它永远吸引大众。

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

Some people think that bicycle is the best way to travel from place to place. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the bicycle.

Nowhere are bikes more widely used than in China. About 300 million bikes are being used daily around the country, mainly for transport purposes. Indeed, I would certainly cycle to work if I lived nearer to my workplace.

Riding a bike contributes to our health. At the very least, cycling burns calorie. In fact, it does much more. Cycling helps to train our eye-hand-feet coordination and sharpens our sense of balance. It is easy to learn and not physically demanding. It is probably the best sport for overweight people. Besides, the air will be a lot cleaner if more people choose to use bikes instead of cars. Bicycle is the most environment-friendly means of transport except for walking, which has the intolerable downside of being too slow. Actually, due to traffic congestion, cycling is often the quickest way to reach your destination. Apart from being clean and quick, cycling is safe. This means safety for ourselves and others. In light of the actual speed at which a bike usually travels, the likelihood of a collision with pedestrians and fellow cyclists is minimal. Even in the event of such an accident, people involved usually get away with a few scratches at the worst.

Having said that, a more critical rider may find a bike less than satisfactory. For example, it can’t shield against rain or dust; the saddle is often uncomfortable. Besides, bikes are unfit for long distance travel. After all, most people can’t ride more than 20 miles at a stretch.

Taken all together, the bicycle is indeed a brilliant human invention. Unlike many other devices, bike reinforces our reliance on ourselves both physically and mentally. This never fails to fascinate me.

有人认为自行车是最方便的交通工具。请讨论自行车的利和弊。

中国是世界上自行车用得最多地方。全国大概有三亿辆自行车，而且大多数都是用于运输目的。事实上，如果我住的地方离我工作的地方不远的话，我都想骑自行车上班。

骑车对我们的健康有很多好处。至少骑车可以燃烧卡路里。事实上，骑车的益处还远不止如此：骑车可以锻炼我们的眼、手、脚的协调，并且可以增强我们的平衡能力。骑车很容易学,而且对身体素质的要求也不高。这可能是那些减肥人士最好的运动方式。另外，如果人们愿意骑车并且放弃开车的话，那么我们的空气将会变得更加清新。除了走路，自行车是最环保的交通方式了。但走路实在是太慢了，这一点很难让人接受。事实上，由于交通堵塞，自行车往往是到达目的地的最快方式。除了快捷和环保之外，自行车还很安全，而且是对人对己都安全。由于受到速度的限制，自行车撞人或与别的自行车相撞的机会很小。即使撞上了，最严重也不过是一些皮外伤而已。

尽管如此，挑剔的人还是能找出自行车的不足。例如，自行车不能挡风遮雨、不能挡灰尘，而且坐垫也不怎么舒服。另外，自行车不适合长距离旅行。毕竟大部分人不能一口气骑它二十公里。

综合来看，自行车不愧是人类的一项伟大发明。与其他发明不同，自行车使得我们在体力上、意志上更加自立。骑车总能让我心旷神怡。

课后作业1：

What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting married with a foreigner?

特别提醒：避免使用题目里出现的语句 get married with a foreigner

mixed marriage, cross-border marriage, cross-cultural marriage

跨国婚姻的优势： 1.外国人比较浪漫

French, for instance, are known for their knack to maintain romance after marriage. knack: 诀窍、特殊的能力

One of the reasons why I am applying for your master’s program in international politics is that I have always have a knack in walking into delicate political situations and saying the right thing.

2. 跨国婚姻让人了解到异国的文化和传统，增强人们间的相互了解，减少偏见。 Cross-border marriages offer one unique insight into another culture and tradition. gain an insight into something 深入了解

3. 孩子们能够了解两种文化，可以成为双语人才

Their children, who will grow up enjoying the best of both worlds, usually become bilingual

跨国婚姻的缺点： 1 很难克服语言障碍

The couple is going to encounter communication barriers, which often tend to be an easier obstacle for them to surmount. 2 观念不同

Raised in different background and culture, their beliefs, ideas and attitudes are apt to differ. 3 下一代无法融入任何一种文化，缺乏自我认知

Having a hard time finding their own identity, they seem unable to fit in either culture.

参考答案

What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting married with a foreigner?

Cross-border marriages are becoming more common in China now. We often envy those who are married to foreigners. Marrying someone from another country does have its appeals.

Foreigners are often thought to be more romantic. French, for instance, are known for their knack to maintain romance after marriage; while people in China or many other Asian countries take a more practical approach to married life. Besides, cross-border marriages offer one unique insight into another culture and tradition. They allow people to understand each other and help to reduce the prejudice among people from different races. Those marriages also offer good prospects for their children, who will grow up enjoying the best of both worlds. They usually become bilingual, to say the very least. It is also said that mixed-blood often enjoy intellectual gifts.

However, there are downsides as well. Unless one of them is fluent in the other’s language, the couple is going to encounter communication barriers, which often tend to be an easier obstacle for them to surmount. What is more insurmountable is their differences of opinions. Raised in different background and culture, their beliefs, ideas and attitudes are apt to differ. For instance, a Chinese mother may think her western husband callous when he cuts off financial support when their kids enter college. It is often hard to really understand, let alone to reach a compromise with each other. And the kids may be

torn between these conflicting ideas. They may have a hard time finding their own identity. They seem unable to fit in either culture.

There is no guarantee that a marriage will work, whether it is one with a foreigner or not. But again, like anything else, marriage is not perfect. I won’t even suggest that you weight the benefits against drawbacks because a marriage is not a financial deal where sensibility reigns.

请阐述和外国人结婚的利和弊。

在中国，跨国界婚姻变得日益常见。我们往往羡慕那些同外国人结婚的中国人。异国婚姻的确有其自身的魅力。

我们往往认为外国人更加浪漫。例如法国人的浪漫就举世闻名。他们能够在婚后还保持浪漫。中国及亚洲其他国家的人对婚姻的态度就比较实际。其次，跨国婚姻让人了解到异国的文化和传统。它能增强人们间的相互了解，减少偏见。跨国婚姻往往能为孩子们带来好的前景，因为孩子们能够了解两种文化。至少他们可以成为双语人才。据说，混血儿往往还会比较聪明。

不过，异国婚姻也有弊端。除非夫妻一方精通另一方的语言，否则他们必然会遇到语言障碍，语言障碍还不是最严重的障碍。更难以克服的是观点的分歧。由于双方生长在不同的文化，拥有不同的信仰，他们的观点、态度也很可能不同。例如，西方的父亲在孩子上大学之后往往不再给与经济支持，这在中国女性看来是不负责任的。往往双方很难真正地理解对方，更别说达成妥协了。孩子们也会因此不知所措。他们将难以找到自己的位置，很难有归属感。

我们无法确保某段婚姻必然成功，本国婚姻、跨国婚姻皆是如此。但是，和世间万物一样，婚姻也是不完美的。我甚至不会建议大家在结婚前权衡利弊，因为婚姻并不是做交易，婚姻往往是感性而非理性的。

课后作业2

Today some people have to work away from their family. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

答案：

For most people, sacrifices have to be made in order to do our jobs. To earn a living, we force ourselves to stick to dull jobs. To keep our position, we do what is required and go wherever needs be. It is common for people to leave their families and work elsewhere.

People become more concentrated on their work when they are away from home. Apart from making a few calls to make sure everything is all right, one is not distracted by the day-to-day family concerns. There won’t be any kid nagging him to play basketball together or any wife demanding some quality time together. Having no family members to spend time with, one often stays longer at the workplace and gives more thought to his work at hand. Moreover, this kind of separation from one’s family often motivates him to excel at work in the hope of ending this separation by getting a promotion or a transfer. The desire to be reunited with one’s spouse or kids can be a strong incentive for better job performance.

However, while enjoying better performance at work, those working apart from their family are subject to attacks of loneliness. When the work is done, they often return to their empty apartment alone, with no loved ones to greet or open the door for them. Spending time with friends can only slightly alleviate their nostalgia, which can be trying from time to time. To combat nostalgia, most people turn to work. They put in longer hours and stay at the office on weekends. Gradually, they become workaholic. This, we should note, is rather innocuous compared with other possible consequences of long-term separation. Living in separate places for a stretched period of time is likely to cause family crisis. Without proper management, distance often leads to alienation. This is true for husbands and wives as well as parents and kids. As time goes by, their feelings toward each other gradually fade; they begin turning to someone else for solace.

Whenever possible we should avoid working away from home. For those unfortunate enough to work this way, more attention should be given to maintaining family ties instead of reaching career goals.

如今，很多人要离开家庭去外地工作。请指出这种工作形式的利弊。

大部分人往往都要为了工作而做出一些牺牲。为了维持生计，我们强迫自己从事无聊的工作。为了保住职位，我们东奔西走，竭尽全力。如今很多人都背井离家到外地工作。

在外地工作可以让人全心投入工作。在外地工作的人平时只是给家里打打电话，得知一切安好之后便不再为家庭日常事务分心。孩子们不会缠着他们要求一起打篮球，妻子也不会要求他们共度好时光。由于不用花时间陪伴家人，他们往往会延长工作时间，对工作中的问题多加思考。而且，和家人分居往往促使他们更加努力工作，争取事业有成获得升迁或调动，早日和家人团聚。这种激励往往让他们工作更加出色。

然而，虽然工作业绩有所提高，异乡工作的人往往会感到阵阵的孤独。下班以后，他们独自回家，没有亲人给他们开门。同朋友聚会也往往于事无补，乡思之情总会时时袭来。为了避免思乡，很多人转向工作。他们大量地加班，甚至周末也不回去。他们逐渐地变成了工作狂。成为工作狂还是小事，长期分居还有可能带来更多的问题。长期分居可能导致家庭危机。如果处理不当，距离会带来隔阂。夫妻之间、父母子女之间皆是如此。随着时间的推移，彼此间的感情会渐渐地淡化；双方渐渐地会向第三方寻求慰寄。

可能的情况下，我们都应该避免去异地工作。对于那些没有办法非去不可的人来说，他们应该加倍重视家庭关系的维护，而不仅是事业上的成就。

第六节 “what提问”类雅思作文高分写作思路

特点：

写作题目以what作为疑问词，可以是问一个问题，也可以是好几个以what提问的问题并列

范例：

Education is of vital importance to individual development and social progress. What should education consist of in order to fulfill both ends? 43

What are the advantages of marrying at an early and old age respectively? 70

There are lots of difficulties for the new students on the first day in a high school or college because they feel lonely. What are the difficulties they may face on the first day? What can the school or college do to solve these problems? 93

标志性文字：

What should … do?

What are the main problems? What are the main difficulties?

What is it in … (preschool education) that can …(have a negative impact on students)?

难度在于：

1.充分回答题目的问题，尽量避免跑题

结构构思：多问题型题目：

1. 两种传统的写作思路 2. 第一种写作思路：“不平均分配”写法，文章分成多段: 第一段引入话题，接下来的并列几段，从不同的侧面回

答其中的一个问题，最后一段回答另外一个问题 3. 第二种写作思路：“平均分配”写法，文章分成三段，第一段引入话题，第二段回答第一个问题，第三段回答第

二个问题

特别提醒：what类的作文题，一般都不需要专门使用一段来收尾，并总结全文

范文讲解1：

What is it in the mass media that has negative effects on teenagers and what measures should governments take to solve this problem?

写作思路：

1. 题目中提到了两个“what”类的问题：

What is it in the mass media that has negative effects on teenagers? What measures should government take to solve this problem?

2. “不平均分配”写作，文章分成五段: 第一段引入“mass media”这个话题话题，第二、三、四段并列，分别给出“mass media”中对青少年有危害的内容，第五段指出“政府应该采取的措施”

3. 媒体中对青少年有危害的内容

（1）媒体中充斥着暴力场面和不良报道

The mass media has become a source of violent scenes and gruesome reports.

暴力 violence

血腥场面 gruesome sights

犯罪分子被英雄化 criminals are glorified

受害者的痛苦被忽略 the victims and sufferings are usually ignored （2）青少年受到成人影碟、色情杂志和网站的影响

The availability of adult-only videos and sexually explicit pictures on magazines and various websites 性行为 sexual activities 堕胎 abortion

（3）年轻人容易冲动，常常上了各种媒体上的广告的当 Be tricked by advertisement in various medias 买不需要的东西：purchase unnecessary things 尝试新的生活方式 practice new ways of life 追求奢侈的生活 pursuit luxurious lifestyles

4. 政府应该采取的措施（1）更加严格的审查 strict censorship

（2）严格限制色情内容的传播

Access to pornography should be controlled

（3）禁止小孩进入网吧，或是禁止他们登陆某些网站 Children should be barred from Internet cafes

（4）对青少年进行性知识、犯罪、广告知识的普及和教育

massive educational programs to inform teenagers of the truth about sex, crimes and advertising

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

第一段：

目的：引入“mass media”这个话题

The 20th century has witnessed unprecedented advancement in virtually all fields of daily life, and the mass media is no exception. unprecedented 空前的 virtually 几乎

普通版：almost nearly 用时间做主语：

The first decade of the 21st century witnesses a series of miracles created by the Chinese people. 引入话题的句式：

The … has witnessed … in virtually all fields of daily life, and … is no exception. 在…时间中，生活的每个方面都…；...也不例外。

The past three decades has witnessed considerable improvements in virtually all fields of daily life, and the medical care is no exception.

However, everything comes at a price. 引出负面评价的常用语句

Everything comes at a price. 凡事都是有代价的。 Everything comes at a cost.

While we enjoy all the conveniences brought by new ways of disseminating information, our teenagers are adversely affected.

disseminate information 传播信息 information:

retain(保留信息) store(储存信息) obtain(获取信息) collect(收集信息) gather(搜集信息) dig up(搜集信息) extract(套取信息) retrieve(检索信息) access(存取信息)disclose(透露信息) leak(泄露信息) pass on(传递信息) circulate(传播信息) disseminate(散布信息) exchange(交换信息) withhold(隐瞒信息) cover up(隐瞒信息) suppress(封锁信息) collate(核对信息) organize(整理信息) present(展示信息) 受到负面影响adversely affected

负面影响：negatively affected, seriously affected, severely affected, 严重影响：greatly, materially, radically, significantly, 不怎么影响：barely, hardly, not unduly(并未过分影响),

There is too much in the media that is harmful to young people. 回答what类问题时常用句型： There is too much … that … 有太多事情。。。

In what ways can education affect a person’s life?

There is too much in education that can significantly change a person’s destiny. 特别提醒：尽量避免使用题目里已经出现过的文字

第二段：阐述“mass media”中第一类对年轻人有危害的内容

To begin with, the mass media has become a source of violent scenes and gruesome reports. to begin with 首先

violent scene and gruesome reports 暴力场面和血腥的报道

Today’s television programs, for example, are filled with violence and gory sights. 血腥场面：gory sights = gruesome scene

雅思作文中，应该尽量避免重复使用同一个形容词

Studies have shown that by the age of 18, children, on average, have watched 7000 robberies, 5000 murders and 3000 car chases on TV.

robbery抢劫 murder谋杀 car chase 追车

What is more, crimes and criminals are often glorified; the victims and sufferings are usually ignored in those programs, for audiences are more interested in the fighting action than the dire consequences. 分号引导并列句

可怕的后果 dire consequence 可怕的报道 gruesome report

可怕的：terribly, horrendous, horrent, fearsome, dreadful,

第三段：阐述“mass media”中第二类对年轻人有危害的内容

某一种东西引起了另外一种东西

The availability of … contributes greatly to …

The availability of PC games and online games contributes greatly to the increase in autism.

Girls, as well as boys, are now influenced by stories where teenagers fell in love at first sight and enjoyed passionate love affairs without any commitment, responsibility or health concerns. without … concerns 没有考虑。。。 without taking … into consideration without taking … into account

Without taking the unduly high cost he has to incur into account, he made up his mind to spend the coming few years abroad.

As a result, they start to experiment with sex at an ever-earlier age. experiment with 尝试

第四段：阐述“mass media”中第三类对年轻人有危害的内容

Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisements in all forms of media to purchase unnecessary products or spend hours practicing some new ways of keeping fit, which lead to a vast waste of time and money. 雅思写作的高分亮点：零星出现的复杂句式

<句型升级> so…that…句型普通版

Young people are so impulsive and easily influenced that they are constantly tricked by advertisement in all forms of media. 升级版

Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisements in all forms of media.

1.将原本十分普通的so…that句型改成倒装句，可以让句型结构变得更加多样化，满足“句式多变”这条雅思高分作文必须满足的要求。

2.在非常有亮点的倒装句之后，再连接一个定语从句

a vast waste of … 巨大的浪费 waste:

absolute(绝对的), utter(绝对的), colossal(巨大的), tremendous(巨大的), awful(可怕的), criminal(无耻的), senseless(无意义的), shocking(惊人的), conspicuous(明显的),tragic(可悲的)

Moreover, the omnipresent adverts tempt youngsters to pursuit luxurious lifestyles, which are not only unrealistic but also likely to lead teenagers astray. omnipresent 无处不在的

tempt sb to do sth 引诱某人去做 lead sb astray 引导某人误入歧途

The omnipresent celebrity gossipy news online tempt young people to become famous at all costs and by all methods, which not only has a deleterious effect on their development but is also likely to lead them astray.

第五段：政府应该采取的措施

Prompt measures should be taken to minimize the harmful effects of the media. take prompt measure to 采取紧急措施 measure措施：

take, adopt, implement, impose, introduce, propose, suggest

appropriate(适当的), effective(有效的), desperate(极端的), draconian(严酷的), drastic(严厉的), extreme(极端的), harsh(严厉的), radical(严酷的), repressive(高压的), tough(强硬的), emergency(紧急的), urgent(紧急的), interim(临时的), temporary(短期的), defensive(防御的), precautionary(预防的), preventative(预防的), corrective(纠正的), remedial(补救的), austerity(紧缩的), efficiency(提高效率的) a package of, a series of , 一系列（一整套）措施 measure against(制止。。。的措施): measures against the senseless waste of time measure for(用以。。。的措施): measures for the reduction of cost

Stricter censorship code should be implemented regarding the content of television programs and other forms of media. censorship 审查

movie graduation, film classification 电影分级

Besides, access to pornography is to be strictly controlled. 可以得到某种东西 access to sth availability of sth

For instance, children should be barred from Internet cafés and denied access to certain websites. 让某人不能得到某种东西 remove the availability of sth deny the access to sth

Most importantly, governments should conduct massive educational programs to inform teenagers of the truth about sex, crimes and advertising.

inform sb of sth 1.通知某人某事 2.使某人熟悉和了解某事

Children need to be taught how to distinguish realities from illusions. distinguish realities from illusions reality 真实 illusion 幻觉

（完整版范文请收集在电子讲义中）

What is it in the mass media that has negative effects on teenagers and what measures should governments take to solve this problem?

The 20th century has witnessed unprecedented advancement in virtually all fields of daily life, and the mass media is no exception. However, everything comes at a price. While we enjoy all the conveniences brought by new ways of disseminating information, our teenagers are adversely affected. There is too much in the media that is harmful to young people.

To begin with, the mass media has become a source of violent scenes and gruesome reports. Today’s television programs, for example, are filled with violence and gory sights. Studies have shown that by the age of 18, children, on average, have watched 7000 robberies, 5000 murders and 3000 car chases on TV. What is more, crimes and criminals are often glorified; the victims and sufferings are usually ignored in those programs, for audiences are more interested in the fighting action than the dire consequences.

Also, the availability of adult-only videos and sexually explicit pictures on magazines and various websites contributes greatly to the increase in teenage sexual activities and abortion rate. Girls, as well as boys, are now influenced by stories where teenagers fell in love at first sight and enjoyed passionate love affairs without any commitment, responsibility or health concerns. As a result, they start to experiment with sex at an ever-earlier age.

Impulsive and easily influenced as young people are, they are constantly tricked by advertisements in all forms of media to purchase unnecessary products or spend hours practicing some new ways of keeping fit, which lead to a vast waste of time and money. Moreover, the omnipresent adverts tempt youngsters to pursuit luxurious lifestyles, which are not only unrealistic but also likely to lead teenagers astray.

Prompt measures should be taken to minimize the harmful effects of the media. Stricter censorship code should be implemented regarding the content of television programs and other forms of media. Besides, access to pornography is to be strictly controlled. For instance, children should be barred from Internet cafés and denied access to certain websites. Most importantly, governments should conduct massive educational programs to inform teenagers of the truth about sex, crimes and advertising. Children need to be taught how to distinguish realities from illusions.

大众媒体中的哪些内容对青少年产生了负面影响？政府应该采取什么措施来解决这些问题？

在20实际，我们日常生活的每个方面都得到了史无前例的改进，大众媒体也不例外。但是，这是有代价的。我们在享受信息传播的新方式所带来的种种便利时，我们的青少年却受到了很多负面影响。媒体当中有太多有害青少年的东西。

首先，媒体是暴力场面和不良报道的来源之一。如今的电视节目充斥着暴力和血腥场面。研究显示，到18岁时，青少年平均观看了7000场抢劫，5000场凶杀，和3000场追车电视节目。而且，节目当中的犯罪和犯罪分子被美化了，而受害者的痛苦却被忽略了，因为观众往往更喜欢看动作场面，而不是其带来的可怕后果。

此外，现在的青少年受到成人影碟、色情杂志和网站的影响，青少年性行为和堕胎率不断增加。现在的男孩和女孩受到浪漫故事的影响，喜欢一见钟情，然后享受性爱激情，完全没有考虑承诺、责任、或者身体健康。其结果是，青少年开始尝试性行为的年龄越来越小。

年轻人容易冲动，容易受影响，所以他们常常上了各种媒体上的广告的当，去购买那些不必要的产品，或者是每天花几个小时去实践某些新的健身方法，浪费了时间和金钱。另外，无处不在的广告还引诱青少年们去追求奢侈的生活方式。这不仅不现实，而且还容易将青少年引入歧途。

我们应该立即采取措施将媒体的负面作用减到最少程度。电视节目及其它媒体的内容应该进行更加严格的审查。此外，我们应该严格限制色情内容的传播，例如禁止小孩进入网吧，或是禁止他们登陆某些网站。最重要的是，政府应该对青少年进行性知识、犯罪、广告知识的普及和教育，应该教会孩子们如何辨别真伪。

范文讲解2

People are now able to perform everyday tasks such as shopping, banking and business transactions without meeting others face to face. What are the effects on both the individual and the society?

写作思路

1. 题目中实际上提出了两个问题： What are the effects on the individuals? What are the effects on the society?

2.“平均分配”写法，文章分为四段：第一段引入“高科技”的话题，第二、三段分别回答两个问题，从个人和社会的角度，阐述高科技的影响；第四段收尾。特别提醒：“what提问”类的雅思作文题，可以不需要“收尾段”。如果想要“收尾”，可以参考这篇范文。 3. 高科技对个人的影响好的影响：

（1）前所未有的便利

unprecedented convenience （2）网络教育

Distant learning brings courses onto computer screen （3）网上购物

Online shopping save the time of roaming shopping malls （4）扩大了人们的见识

People are better informed than before. 坏的影响

（1）打字太多，写字能力变差 Decline in our handwriting. （2）人和人之间关系疏远

Lose sight of the connection between people

4．高科技的社会的影响好的影响

（1）促进经济增长，增加了社会财富

Technology contributes to economy growth and generates enormous material wealth

（2）机器比人可靠

Machines are more reliable than humans. 坏的影响

（1）整个社会缺乏社区的集体感 People lose the sense of community. （2）人和人之间交往变少

People rarely interact with each other.

范文讲解：

以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上依次出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

第一段：引入“高科技对生活的影响”这个话题

Things have really changed. Only six years ago I had to pay a typist to type my graduation paper because I couldn’t use a computer. Today, I spend more than ten hours each day banging on the keyboard. 用故事起头：特别需要注意不要重复使用题目中出现的语句 paraphrase 释义

题目：perform every day tasks without meeting each other

文章：spend more than ten hours each day banging on the keyboard 敲击键盘： bang on the keyboard = tap the keyboard

The sedentary life he has led in which he spent the whole day in front of the computer screen tapping the keyboard contributes to the collapse of his health.

The changes in our ways of doing things have far reaching implications. 深远的影响：far reaching implications Implication(影响)：

considerable（巨大的）, crucial（关键的）, enormous（巨大的）, massive（重要的）, fundamental（根本的）, profound（深远的）, broad（广泛的）, underlying（潜在的）, potential（潜在的）, grave（严重的）, serious（严重的）, adverse（不利的）, damaging（破坏的）,disturbing(令人不安的), ominous(令人害怕的),sinister(不祥的), revolutionary（革命的）

“影响类”作文题常见的句式： Things have changed. 。。。举例。。。These changes in … have … implications. 提醒：1.举例时重复使用题目里的文字是大忌

2.implication前面搭配的形容词，尽量选择得体且层次高的词语

第二段：

回答第一个问题：高科技对个人的影响

On the individual side, technical advance brought unprecedented conveniences but also certain problems. 第一句话：主题句

unprecedented conveniences 空前的便利 certain problems 一些问题

句式：on the individual side 从个人的角度来说 From the standpoint of the individuals On an individual level

Time is saved when people choose to shop online instead of roaming shopping malls. roam 闲逛、漫步走漫步：wander, ramble,

Distant learning brings online courses onto our computer screens, which benefits numerous people. 举例

By and large, people are better informed than before. by and large 总的来说

well-informed 消息灵通的、有见识的

However, all this comes at a price. 引入负面影响的常见句式： All this comes at a price. Everything comes at a price. Everything comes at a cost.

To say the very least, the heavy reliance on computer printing leads to a decline in our handwriting. to say the very least 最起码引入第一条论据时常用句型：

It is reported that 40 per cent of teenagers in Japan cannot write many commonly used Japanese characters because most homework is typewritten.

举例中的数字，不需要过分考虑精确度的问题

Graver still is the alienation and estrangement between people caused by the extensive use of machinery. alienation 疏远 estrangement 疏远倒装句：句式多变

The alienation and estrangement between people caused by the extensive use of machinery is graver still.

We gradually lose sight of the connection between people when most of our daily contacts are with a machine. We are connected with our humanity; we need to feel the presence of our fellow creatures.

第三段：

回答第二个问题：高科技对社会的影响

Similarly the society as a whole also experiences this kind of mixed blessing. mixed blessing 喜忧参半的事情句型升级：

… has its own advantages and disadvantages. … is a mixed blessing.

On one hand, science and technology contributes to economy growth, generating enormous material wealth. 动词ing形式充当伴随状语：句式多变

Machines are usually more reliable than humans. They are easier to monitor, maintain and manage. The society grows

seemingly steadier as a result.

However, problems are lurking. lurk 隐藏的

引导负面影响的句式：

However, there are potential problems. However, problems are lurking.

Identity crisis is occurring in most societies. Everything is so sterile that it is hard to find common ground between people.

The sense of community is lost for many people because they rarely see or interact with each other. sense of community 社群意识

第四段：收尾

Though exhilarating, changes can sometimes overwhelm us. exhilarating 令人喜欢的、令人愉快的 overwhelm 使人不知所措

At present, most technological developments only aim to address our physical needs. In fact, our mental and spiritual life needs more attention. physical 肉体的、生理的 mental 精神的 spiritual 心灵的

“what提问型”雅思作文的收尾：1.一般不需要专门写收尾段

2. 即使写到收尾段，也不需要总结全文

People are now able to perform everyday tasks such as shopping, banking and business transactions without meeting others face to face. What are the effects on both the individual and the society?

Things have really changed. Only six years ago I had to pay a typist to type my graduation paper because I couldn’t use a computer. Today, I spend more than ten hours each day banging on the keyboard. The changes in our ways of doing things have far reaching implications.

On the individual side, technical advance brought unprecedented conveniences but also certain problems. Time is saved when people choose to shop online instead of roaming shopping malls. Distant learning brings online courses onto our computer screens, which benefits numerous people. By and large, people are better informed than before. However, all this comes at a price. To say the very least, the heavy reliance on computer printing leads to a decline in our handwriting. It is reported that 40 per cent of teenagers in Japan cannot write many commonly used Japanese characters because most homework is typewritten. Graver still is the alienation and estrangement between people caused by the extensive use of machinery. We gradually lose sight of the connection between people when most of our daily contacts are with a machine. We are connected with our humanity; we need to feel the presence of our fellow creatures.

Similarly the society as a whole also experiences this kind of mixed blessing. On one hand, science and technology contributes to economy growth, generating enormous material wealth. Machines are usually more reliable than humans. They are easier to monitor, maintain and manage. The society grows seemingly steadier as a result. However, problems are lurking. Identity crisis is occurring in most societies. Everything is so sterile that it is hard to find common ground between people. The sense of community is lost for many people because they rarely see or interact with each other.

Though exhilarating, changes can sometimes overwhelm us. At present, most technological developments only aim to address our physical needs. In fact, our mental and spiritual life needs more attention. 如今人们不用见面，就可以完成诸如购物、银行、商务之类的日常活动。这种现象对个人和社会的影响分别是什么？

世事变迁，仅仅六年前，我还必须花钱找打字员帮我打毕业论文，因为当时我还不会用电脑。今天，我每天花十小时以上的时间敲打着键盘。我们的生活和工作方式的改变有着深远的意义。

对个人来说，科技进步带来了前所未有的便利，但同时也带来了一些问题。人们选择用网上购物代替逛商场，能够节约很多时间。远程教育把学习课程呈现到了我们的电脑屏幕上，使无数人受益。总的来说，人们比以前要见多识广。但是，这些是需要付出代价的。举个最小的害处为例：人们如此依赖电脑打字，以至于人们的字写能力越来越差了。据报道，在日本有40%的青少年连一些常用的日本字都不会写了，因为他们的作业大部分都是打印的。更严重的是，人们过度使用机器，使得人与人之间的关系都疏远了。当我们的日常联系都是通过机器进行的时候，我们渐渐地就忘却了人与人之间的联系了。是人性使我们联系在一起，我们需要感觉到人与人之间的关系。

类似的，从整个社会的角度来看，科技进步带来的结果也是喜忧参半的。一方面，科技促进了经济增长，带来了大量物质财富。机器通常比人更可靠，而且更容易监控、维护和管理。表面上，社会因科技进步而稳步发展，但是事实上潜伏着很多问题。许多人都失去了社区的集体感，因为社区的人们相互之间很少交往。

尽管看起来令人欢欣鼓舞，但改变所带来的后果有时候会让我们难以承受。现在，大部分的技术发展都只是着眼于解决我们的物质需要。然而事实上，我们应该对人们的心理和精神需要给予更多的关注。

课后作业1：

Your character is strongly influenced by the place where you grew up. In what ways can growing up in a city or in the countryside influence one’s character? 答案

Where you are dropped, as the saying goes, is who you are. Though possessing individuality, people often share some collective traits unique to the place where they live. The English are known for being conservatives; the French for being romantic; the Italian, optimistic. Places make people.

Growing up in the countryside helps to cultivate one’s self-reliance. Infrastructure and public service being inadequate, rural residents often do things for themselves. It is not uncommon to see them fix their own cars, mend fences or even build their own houses. Self-dependence grows out of necessity into a habit. Compared with city dwellers, people from the countryside are less ambitious as a result of the slower pace of life. There is no rival businesses to compete with, no constant fear of losing your job. You only focus on the land, the crops and the harvest. It is a simpler, less complicated life. But there is also a downside. A rural life often leads to provincialism. Villagers tend to become conservative and biased because they seldom mingle with people from all walks of life. Change seems to them unnecessary and threatening; they prefer to do things the old way.

People raised in a city are often competitive and ambitious. They have been engaged in competitions with their peers since an early age: vying with others to enter a better school, scrambling for a better seat on the bus, striving to get a promotion. To survive and get ahead in the generally overcrowded cities, they must be aggressive or at least assertive. Money and fame mean a lot to them. And due to this kind of constant struggle, they are prone to selfishness and snobbishness. They are compelled to look out for their own interest first and then maybe that of others. The disparity in income and position

reinforces people’s class consciousness. The upper class, that is the rich and powerful, are respected; the lower class are often despised, inwardly at least. Seeing phony beggars on the roadside every day, most people are harden into indifference.

These generalizations are accurate only to certain degrees. People’s character can be attributed to many factors, the environment being only one of them. Our conscious efforts can make the biggest difference. As the saying goes, we are molded by our own hands.

一个人的性格会在很大程度上受到成长的环境的影响。在城市或是农村长大会对一个人的个性产生什么影响呢？请阐述你的看法。

常言道：长在哪里就是哪里的人。尽管每个人都有自己的个性，但一个地方的人通常都会有一些这个地方所特有的特质。英国人很保守，法国人很浪漫，意大利人很乐观等。一方水土养一方人。

在农村长大的人自力更生的能力强。由于基础设施和公共服务缺乏，农村居民什么都靠自己。自己修车辆，自己建围墙，甚至自己盖房子。条件所限，有必要自力更生，后来这种必要成为了一种习惯。和城市居民相比，农村居民更满足现状。因为他们的生活节奏要慢得多。在农村，你不必担心有生意上的对手和你竞争，不必经常担心失业。你只要管好你的田地、庄稼和收成就行了。这样的生活更简单、朴素。但是，这也有它不好的一面。农村生活容易导致地方主义。村民们往往很保守，而且有偏见，因为他们很少和各行各业的人交往。变化对他们来说是不必要的，甚至是具有威胁力的。他们喜欢墨守成规。

城市里长大的人则更具竞争意识和野心。他们从小就和同伴竞争：上学要竞争才能进入一所好的学校，坐公车要争一个好位子，工作要争取升职等。城市通常都是人满为患的，为了生存和出人头地，你必须要有闯劲，至少要充分自信。城市的人们太看重名利。由于经常性的竞争，使得人变得自私和势利。他们总是先考虑自己的利益，然后才是别人的。收入和地位的差异，使得城市人的阶层意识明显。上流社会，即那些有钱有权的人，普遍受到尊重。下层人群则受到蔑视。表面上可能没有表露出来，但至少是在心里是这样的。天天看到那些假乞丐，人们的心也变得越来越冷漠了。

上面的归纳，只是在一定程度上成立。人们的性格形成受到很多因素的影响，环境只是其中的一个。我们的主观努力会起到很大影响。俗话说：命运掌握在我们自己手中。

第七节 “复合问题”类雅思作文高分写作思路

特点：

写作题目中提问若干个问题，要求考生在一篇文章里同时回答这些问题

范例：

Happiness is considered important by all people. Why is it hard to define happiness? What are the factors that are necessary to achieve happiness?

People have different hobbies such as collecting stamps or wood carving. Why are hobbies important to us? How can we benefit from having hobbies?

标志性特点：

题目中出现若干个问题

难度在于： 1.兼顾各个问题

2.主次分明，避免“抓一头”

结构构思：

1. 与“what提问”类作文写作方法类似，两种传统的写作思路 2. 第一种写作思路：“不平均分配”写法，文章分成多段: 第一段引入话题，接下来的并列几段，从不同的侧面回

二个问题

特别提醒：复合问题类的作文题，一般都不需要专门使用一段来收尾，并总结全文

范文讲解：

What are the main tasks of universities: to offer students knowledge and skills essential for their future career, or to provide students with access to knowledge itself? What do you think university education should contain?

写作思路：

1. 题目中提到了两个问题：

What are the main tasks of universities?

What do you think university education should contain?

2. “不平均分配”写作，重点阐述大学教育的主要任务：文章分成四段: 第一段引入“university education”这个话题，第二、三段并列，分别给出“大学教育”的主要目的，第四段指出“大学教育应该包含的东西”

3. 大学教育的主要目的（1）传播知识

disseminate knowledge

（2）进一步发展人类的知识

to make further contribution to the advancement of human knowledge （3）为学生提供一个良好的学习环境

to provide students with an inspiring learning environment （4）不能让课程只适应某一种行业或雇主

Universities should not tailor their courses or programs to meet the needs of specific employers or occupational sectors

4. 大学教育应该包含的内容（1）自主学习的机会

opportunities for independent learning

（以下开始逐句讲解范文，请跟随讲解的进度，以flash的形式，屏幕上逐句出现范文的文字，并在需要讲解的地方，插入讲解内容的文本）

第一段：

目的：引入“university education”这个话题

Universities around the world are now facing the problem of how to efficiently use their resources to serve a larger population of students that are more culturally and socially diversified. a larger population of students that are more culturally and socially diversified that引导的定语从句，修饰a larger population of students 定语从句、倒装句、设问句，满足“句式多变”的要求

To solve the problem, universities should be perfectly aware of their main tasks: providing students with easy access to knowledge and, at the same time, encouraging them to make active contribution to the advancement of human knowledge. be aware of 意识到

be perfectly aware of 充分意识到

第二段：给出“大学教育”的第一个目的

Universities should, first of all, be learning communities where knowledge is not only disseminated but also advanced. first of all 首先

引导第一个理由时，可以插在句子的中间，语言更加地道 disseminate knowledge 传播知识 advance knowledge 推进知识 knowledge知识：

acquire(获取), demonstrate(展示), flaunt(夸耀), parade(夸耀), spread(传播), broaden(拓展), extend(增加), disseminate（扩散）

As full-fledged members of this community, students should not be information recipients who learn the knowledge in a passive way. full-fledge 成熟的、羽翼已丰的 unfledged 不成熟的

Instead, they should be challenged to achieve their potential and, indeed, to excel. achieve their potential 实现自己的潜力 potential(潜力)：

开发潜力：develop, exploit, unlock 发挥潜力：fulfill, reach, realize 未发挥的潜力：untapped, unfulfilled

巨大的潜力：considerable, enormous, limitless,

Therefore, rather than focus merely on knowledge dissemination and transfer, universities should contrive to provide learning conditions that encourage students to remain curious, to value diversity in opinions and perspectives, and to think critically and communicate effectively.

大学教育的几个要点：remain curious 保持好奇心

value diversity in opinions and perspectives 兼容并包，接受不同的理念 think critically 批判性思维 communicate effectively 有效沟通

In this way, students can gain problem-solving experience and confidence. 第三段：给出“大学教育”的第二个主要目的

Furthermore, universities will never attain their goals if they tailor all their courses or programs to meet the needs of specific employers or occupational sectors. attain their goals 达到目的 goal:

实现目标：achieve, attain, reach

追求目标：pursue, strive for, work towards

形容词：immediate, ultimate, primary, prime, explicit, specific, ambitious, modest, achievable, attainable, realistic, twin

Bilingual education serves the twin goals of the nurture of minorities and the preserve of minority culture and language.

Today’s social environment is more dynamic and turbulent than ever before. 社会变化多，社会动荡：dynamic, turbulent 同义词并列，增加感染力

Only those graduates who possess certain personality traits and can do well in diversified situations can distinguish themselves from other job applicants. 脱颖而出：distinguish themselves from others stand out from the crowd top others

第四段：指出“大学教育”应该包含的内容，回答第二个问题

In order to fulfill the main tasks of universities, university education should contain ample opportunities for independent learning which can cultivate students who are more likely to adapt to the changing society.

fulfill the main task 完成主要的任务 task 任务：

承担任务：take on, take upon yourself, undertake

解决一个任务：approach, get to grips with, tackle, cope with, be engaged in 执行一个任务：carry out, fulfill, get on with , perform 完成一个任务：accomplish, complete, succeed in

分配任务： assign, allocate, delegate, entrust sb with a task, 面临任务：be charged with, be faced with

艰难的任务：awesome(可怕的), challenging(艰巨的), daunting(令人畏惧的), enormous(巨大的), formidable(艰难的), Herculean(巨大的), mammoth(巨大的), massive(巨大的), monumental(巨大的), arduous(艰巨的), demanding(要求高的), exacting(令人吃力的), exhausting(耗费精力的), laborious(费力的), onerous(沉重的), stiff(艰难的), uphill(吃力的), tough(费劲的), time-consuming(费时间的), hazardous(危险的), menial(卑微的), mundane(单调的), repetitive(重复的), tedious(乏味的), complex(复杂的), mind-boggling(难以置信的),

重要的任务：fundamental, essential, vital, urgent, central, principal 不好的任务: fruitless, thankless, unenviable, hopeless, impossible

universities should contain ample opportunities 大学应该提供充足的机会 ample opportunities 充足的机会 opportunities 机会

大量机会：ample, considerable, plenty of 很少机会：limited, not much

绝好的机会：excellent, favorable, golden, marvelous, tremendous, welcome, ideal, perfect, historic, once-in-a-lifetime, rare, unique, unparalleled, unprecedented, unrivalled 给予（某人）机会：afford, create, open up, offer, 抓住机会：grasp, seize, take advantage of 放弃机会：pass up

机会出现：arise, exist, come, occur,

一有机会：at the earliest opportunity, at the first opportunity 利用一切机会：at every opportunity 机会之门：a window of opportunity

The expansion of college enrollment in the first decade of the 21st century created a window of opportunity for the development of education industry.

Students can also learn to exercise their autonomy more effectively, and they may clarify their own professional interests while learning in an independent way.

clarify their own professional interest 逐渐发现自己的职业兴趣 interest兴趣

表现出兴趣：show, evince, express, take 假装有兴趣：feign, simulate

激发起兴趣：arouse, attract, awaken, catch, drum up, excite, generate, kindle, spark, stimulate, stir up, whip up

重燃兴趣: revive

保持兴趣: maintain, sustain, 兴趣减弱: (interest) flag, wane 强烈的兴趣：

普通版：strong, great

升级版：avid, burning, close, considerable, consuming, deep, intense, keen, lively, passionate, abiding(持久的)

全文总结：

1. 四段分工明确，各司其职

2. “复合问题类”作文，最后不收尾，也很自然

Universities around the world are now facing the problem of how to efficiently use their resources to serve a larger population of students that are more culturally and socially diversified. To solve the problem, universities should be perfectly aware of their main tasks: providing students with easy access to knowledge and, at the same time, encouraging them to make active contribution to the advancement of human knowledge.

Universities should, first of all, be learning communities where knowledge is not only disseminated but also advanced. As full-fledged members of this community, students should not be information recipients who learn the knowledge in a passive way. Instead, they should be challenged to achieve their potential and, indeed, to excel. Therefore, rather than focus merely on knowledge dissemination and transfer, universities should contrive to provide learning conditions that encourage students to remain curious, to value diversity in opinions and perspectives, and to think critically and communicate effectively. In this way, students can gain problem-solving experience and confidence.

Furthermore, universities will never attain their goals if they tailor all their courses or programs to meet the needs of specific employers or occupational sectors. Today’s social environment is more dynamic and turbulent than ever before. Only those graduates who possess certain personality traits and can do well in diversified situations can distinguish themselves from other job applicants.

In order to fulfill the main tasks of universities, university education should contain amply opportunities for independent learning which can cultivate students who are more likely to adapt to the changing society. Students can also learn to exercise their autonomy more effectively, and they may clarify their own professional interests while learning in an independent way.

大学的主要功能是什么：为学生提供职场必备的知识和技术，还是为学生提供获取知识的途径？大学教育必须包括什么？

如今大学的在校学生人数远胜从前，而且学生的社会、文化背景也比过去更多样化。世界各国的大学都面临着如何有效利用自己的资源来为这些学生提供服务的问题。为了解决这个问题，大学应该明确自身的主要任务：为学生提供接触到知识的便捷方式，同时鼓励他们为人类知识的进步做出贡献。

一所大学，就是一个学习社区。在这个社区里，知识不仅得到传播，而且还被进一步发展。大学生羽翼已丰，作为这个社区的一员，他们不应该被动地接受知识。相反，他们应该不停地挑战自己的潜能甚至超越自己的潜能。大学不应该仅仅注重知识的传播，而应致力于为学生提供一个良好的学习环境。在这个良好的环境中，学生可以保持好奇心、接受不同的观点和视角、批判性地思考以及有效地沟通。通过这种方式，学生可以积累解决问题的经验，并且获得自信。

此外，如果大学把自己所有课程的目标设定为满足某一个行业或是某一个雇主的招聘要求，就注定了会失败。今天的社会环境，风云变幻、难以预测。只有那些个人素质突出、能够在不同的环境下都表现良好的毕业生，才可能从应聘者中脱颖而出。

为了完成自身的主要任务，大学应该为学生们提供充足的自主学习的机会。自主学习可以培养能够适应社会变化的学生。自主学习让学生学会有效地行使自主权，而且让他们逐渐发现自己的职业兴趣所在。

课后作业1：

Happiness is considered important by all people. Why is it hard to define happiness? What are the factors that are necessary to achieve happiness? 答案

Upon reading this essay question, I recalled the article learned in Grade Three entitled What Is Happiness, in which the author presents various interpretations of happiness by different people. Alas, happiness still defies definition even today. The reasons are quite obvious.

Happiness means different things for different people. It is not the same as pure pleasure, which may be brought by eating when you are hungry or taking a rest when you are tired. Happiness is more related with the individual’s set of mind. One can be happy while enduring great physical pain or he may still feel sad even though he is the king. Thus, for a doctor, happiness means curing his patients; for a scientist, finding the truth; a criminal, getting away with his crime. There is no single definition.

Besides, happiness takes on different meaning as people progress through life. As a child, one regards vacations or holidays as the happiest days. For a grown up, career success and personal achievement can bring the most happiness. When one gets old, he or she will be the happiest to watch their grand children grow up. It is hard to define something that changes all the time.

By and large, all people can be happy. Contrary to common belief, happiness depends very little on material wealth. Rather, it depends on our attitude. If we are content with who we are and what we already have, we can be happy no matter how unlikely it seems according to worldly standards. Unrealistic goals (often unworthy goals) and our failures to achieve them are the ultimate causes for unhappiness. Peace of mind is essential to achieving happiness.

人人都觉得幸福很重要。为什么幸福如此难以定义？获得幸福最重要的因素是什么？

看到这个作文题目时，我想起了三年级学的一篇课文《幸福是什么》。在这篇课文里，作者列举了不同人对幸福的不同理解。唉，幸福到今天仍然是难以定义的。其原因是很明显的。

对于不同的人来说，幸福意味着不同的内容。它与饥饿的时候吃顿美餐、困倦的时候睡个好觉所带来的愉悦感不同。幸福更多的是与个人的心境有关。一个人可以在承受巨大肉体痛苦的同时感到幸福，一个人也可能即使当上了国王，但还是感到悲哀。所以，对于一个医生来说，幸福就是治愈他的病人；对于一个科学家来说，幸福就是找到真理；对于一个罪犯来说，幸福就是能够逍遥法外。幸福没有统一的定义。

此外，人们在人生旅途的不同阶段，幸福也会有不同的幸福的定义。在儿童时期，假期和节日是最幸福的日子。长大以后，职业成功和个人成就则能够带来最大的幸福。而老年人最大的幸福就是看着孙子孙女们健康地成长。幸福是一个不断变动的概念，因此很难定义。

总的来说，人人都可以得到幸福。与通常看法相反，幸福事实上与物质财富联系不大。幸福更多地取决于我们的心态。如果我们满足于做自我，满足于自己所拥有的，那么我们就可以是幸福的，不管我们离世俗的幸福标准相差多远。不切合实际的目标（通常也是没有意义的目标）以及达不到目标的失败感，是导致忧愁的最大因素。心境的平

和是感到幸福的关键所在。

第八节图表作文高分写作思路

1. 写作总览

写作任务：一篇短文，150左右，说明一个图表或一组图表所描述的数据建议写作时间：20分钟 2. 写作格式

缩进式：每一段的第一行向右缩进去一点，与写中文文章相似；段落之间可以加入一个空行，也可以不加齐头式：每段的第一行不向右缩进，但是段落之间用一个空行分开 3.题目特点

图表作文的题目一般分为三部分：

Part 1解释: 简单介绍图表的内容，仔细阅读，可以加深对图表的理解

The table below summarizes some data collected by a college bookshop for the month of April 2010. 特别提醒：写作时候切记不可照搬题目里的文字 Part 2写作要求

Write a report to describe the sales figures based on the information shown in the table. Part 3图表

一个图表，或是一组图表 4.图表的种类

（1）line graph 曲线图（2）bar chart 柱状图(3) pie chart 饼图(4) table 图表(5) flow chart 流程图特别提醒：写作时候，一定要用正确的英文来指代各种类型的图表 5.评分标准

Task Fulfillment（完成任务） Coherence and Cohesion（连贯与衔接） Vocabulary and Sentence Structure（词汇与句子结构）。 6.写作重点：

(1)完整描述整个图表的信息（完成任务）为主 (2)文章要确保有足够的连接性词语，确保行文连贯

(3)语句和词汇不需要出彩

7.常用模板句型和词汇：

（1）介绍段：改写题目的第一部分

The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one city in the 1990s. The graph: 固定不可以变

shows: gives information about / reveal / indicate / demostrate

the different modes of transport: different types of transport, various means of transport, travel to and from work: commute

The graph below gives information about the various means of commuting in one city during the 1990s. 特别提醒：

改写的经典方式：改“主动”为“被动”

Various means of commuting in one city during the 1990s are revealed in the graph below. Various means of commuting in one city during the 1990s are indicated in the graph below.

(2) 主体段：描述图表第一句话：引入图表 According to the chart, As is shown in the chart,

As can be seen from the chart,

The chart shows / indicates/ demonstrates/ reveals / outlines/ illustrates/ describes that …

数据的变化：增加、减少、波动、不变表示增加的动词 increase go up rise grow jump surge （急剧上升） rocket ascend 表示减少的动词搭配的副词 decrease go down decline fall is reduced drop dip （下跌） collapse slightly slowly gradually steadily rapidly moderately significantly sharply dramatically drastically considerably shoot up （迅速上升） sink 也可以变为名词组合： a drastic jump, a sharp drop

波动：fluctuate, fluctuation, volatile

不变：remain the same, reach a plateau, stabilize, remain stable, remain constant,

(3)特征数据的描写：最大值（最高点）、最小值（最低点） …increased to its top / peak/ highest point …dropped to its bottom / lowest point …reached its top / bottom

The profit peaks / summits at $2000

(4)描述数据变化的四种句式：（1）变化的主体+动词+副词

The number of cinema admission dropped slightly from 1995 to the year of 2000. The number of satellite TV stations increased significantly from 1957 to 1997. （2）There be + 形容词 + 名词 + in +变化的主体

There was a sharp decrease in the number of television licenses from 1957 to 1967. There was little change in the number of private cars from 1967 to 1997.

There was a significant increase in the number of bicycles from 1997 to 2000.

There was a fluctuation between 200 and 300 in the number of radio stations in UK between 2000 and 2010. （3）时间 + saw / witness + 形容词 + 名词 + in + 变化的主体 The past decade witnessed a sharp decline in cinema admission. （4）变化趋势 + is seen + in + 变化主体 + 时间

A sharp increase is seen in the number of tourists during the period between 2000 and 2005.

范文讲解1

The first table below shows the results of a survey which sampled a cross-section of 200,000 people asking if they traveled abroad and why they traveled for the period between 1994 and 1998. The second table shows their destinations over the same period. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.

写作思路

图表中的重要信息：

图表1：①1994、1995年，出国旅游的人数明显高于其它原因 ②从1995年开始，因为各种原因出国的人数都有所增加

③1996年出国度假的增长最大， 1997年公务出差和走亲访友的增长最大 ④因为其它原因的出国则不断出现波动

⑤出国总次数，1998年最多，1995年最少

图表2：①西欧一直是英国人前往次数最多的地区

②前往北美的次数不断攀升

③前往各地区的综合也是1995年最少，1998年最多

范文讲解

第一段：整体引入两个表格，介绍两个表格的主要内容

The two tables reflect the findings of a survey which sampled a cross-section of 200,000 British people over a span of four years from 1994 and 1998. The first one shows the purposes of their visits abroad and the second indicates their choices of destinations. 题目中语句的改写：

 reflect the findings

for the period between 1994 and 1998

 over a span of four years from 1994 to 1998

As can be seen from table 1, holiday-making was the main reason for British people to travel abroad. 模板句型：As can be seen from the table, … As is shown in the table,

Next were for business sake and for visiting friends and relatives. Table 2 shows that Western Europe was the primary destination of the British people traveling abroad and next came North America and many different countries and areas as a whole. 倒装句：… was the primary … and next came …

News programs were the primary choice of middle-class families and next came documentaries.

First, in 1994, there were 15,246 visits abroad for holiday spending which contrasted strikingly to 3,155 visits for business, 2,689 visits for visiting friends and relatives and 982 visits for other reasons. 用there be 句型来描述数据

In 1995, we see that the number of visits paid by the sampled British people in the survey decreased to 14,898, but it was still much higher than visits for all other reasons.

用 we see that the number of … decrease to … 来描述数据

In the following years, we find that visits for holiday making, business and for visiting friends and relatives continued to rise, among which 1996 witnessed the biggest growth. In 1997, visits for business and for seeing friends and relatives saw the largest growth and there were an increase by 390 and 277 respectively. 两个描述数字的经典句型：

The year 1996 witnessed the biggest growth.

Visits for business and for seeing friends and relatives saw the largest growth. 图表作文不需要使用特别有文采的单词

Visits abroad for other reasons fluctuated, dropping from 982 in 1994 to 896 in 1995 and then climbing back to 1054 before finally falling to 990.

描述数据的波动：

… fluctuated, dropping from .. to … and then climbing back to … before finally falling to …

… fluctuated, jumping to … from… and then dropping back to … before finally shooting up to …

In terms of the total of each designated year, 1998 boasted the highest with 28828 while 1995 was the least with 21610. boast:以有。。。为荣

The year 1998 boasts the largest number of visits.

People who went to North America rose from 914 to 1,823. Those who went to other areas also account for a large proportion, with the smallest number at 1,752 and the largest at 2,486. The total of visits to various areas saw the smallest in 1995 which was 21,610 and the largest in 1998 which was 28,828.

经典句型：The total number saw … in the year of ..

From the two tables, we can see the changes in the reasons for British people to travel abroad and their preferred destinations. 最后一段总结：可有可无

全文总结：

1. 同样的内容，使用不同的句式

2. 单词都比较固定：the biggest growth, the smallest growth, fluctuate, drop, jump 3. 以完成任务为主：抓住图表里的关键信息点

完整的范文清收集在电子讲义中

As can be seen from table 1, holiday-making was the main reason for British people to travel abroad. Next were for business sake and for visiting friends and relatives. Table 2 shows that Western Europe was the primary destination of the British people traveling abroad and next came North America and many different countries and areas as a whole.

First, in 1994, there were 15,246 visits abroad for holiday spending which contrasted strikingly to 3,155 visits

for business, 2,689 visits for visiting friends and relatives and 982 visits for other reasons. In 1995, we see that the number of visits paid by the sampled British people in the survey decreased to 14,898, but it was still much higher than visits for all other reasons. In the following years, we find that visits for holiday making, business and for visiting friends and relatives continued to rise, among which 1996 witnessed the biggest growth. In 1997, visits for business and for seeing friends and relatives saw the largest growth and there were an increase by 390 and 277 respectively. Visits abroad for other reasons fluctuated, dropping from 982 in 1994 to 896 in 1995 and then climbing back to 1054 before finally falling to 990.

Second, the destinations of the visits of the sampled people in the survey followed a similar trend to table 1. We see that Western Europe received the largest number of visitors from the UK. In 1995, even when the visits were at its bottom, it was also as high as 18,944 and in 1998, it was 24,519, the highest. People who went to North America rose from 914 to 1,823. Those who went to other areas also account for a large proportion, with the smallest number at 1,752 and the largest at 2,486. The total of visits to various areas saw the smallest in 1995 which was 21,610 and the largest in 1998 which was 28,828.

这两个图表反映的是一项基于20万英国人的抽样调查结果，时间为1994－1998年四年间。图表1显示的是英国公民出国旅游的目的；图表2展示的是他们前往的国家和地区。

首先，我们看到1994年因度假而出国的次数为15,246，与公务出国的3,155次、走亲访友出国的2,689次，以及别的什么原因的982次形成了明显的比照。1995年，我们看到接受调查的英国人出国度假的次数较之前一年有所下降，为14,898次，但仍然远高于因其它原因而出国的次数。接下来的几年，我们看到出国度假、公务、走亲访友的次数都继续增长，其中，1996年出国度假的增长最大，从14,898次上升至17,896次。1997年是公务出差和走亲访友的增长最大，分别增长了390次和277次。因为其它原因的出国则不断出现波动，从1994年的982次降到1995年的896次，然后又攀升到1054次，最后又降低到990次。从每年出国总次数来对比，1998年为最多的一年，有28,828次，1995年最少，是21,610次。

其次，受调查者前往不同国家和地区的次数与图1模式相仿。我们看到，西欧一直是英国人前往次数最多的地区，最少的1995年也有18,944次，最多的1998年则有24,519次。前往北美的次数也从最低的914次攀升到了最高的1,823次。前往其它地区的综合也占了不小的比重，最低1,752次，最高2,486次。前往各地区的综合也是1995年最少，21,610次；1998年最多，28,828次。

由此我们可以看出英国人出国的原因以及前往地区的变化。

课后作业1

The chart below shows the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and the graph reveals Australia’s share of the Japanese tourist market. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.

The chart and the graph respectively show the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad and the number of Japanese tourists to Australia from 1985 to 1995. As is indicated in the chart and graph, there was a steady increase both in the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad and in Australia’s share of Japan’s tourist market.

To begin with, from 1985 to 1995, the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad was tripled, growing from just about 5 million to more than 15 million. The only exception was the year of 1991, when there was a slight decline as compared with the previous year. By contrast, all the other years witnessed a gradual increase.

Second, the graph displays that during the first three years, the percentage of Japanese tourists to Australia rocketed from 2% to 4.8%. This is an increase b y 2.8%. Nonetheless, in the following year, we see a slight drop. Surprisingly, between 1989 and 1993, there appeared a significant rise from 4.2% to 6.2%, which was the peak in the designated decade, and it ended up at 6% in 1994.

To sum up, the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad and those Japanese people who chose to go to Australia as destination both showed an overall trend of rise over a span of 10 years.

这两个图分别显示了从1985到1995年十年间日本出国旅游的游客数量以及到澳大利亚的游客数量。如图所示，日本出国旅游和前往澳大利亚的游客数量都成稳步上升的趋势。

首先，从1985到1995年十年里，日本出国旅游的人数增长了3倍，从最初的五百万增长到最高的一千五百万。唯一例外的是1991这一年，与前一年相比略微有所降低。但是，其它年份都呈现出逐步增长态势。

另外，按第二个图所示，在前三年，到澳大利亚旅游的日本游客比例从2%快速上升至4.8%，增长了2.8%。然而，在接下去的一年，我们看到了略微的下降。然而从1989年到1993年，我们又看到了令人瞩目的快速增长，从4.2%大幅增长到6.2%，这也是这十年间出现的最高点，最终在1994年以6%收尾。

综上所述，日本出国旅游的人数以及选择澳大利亚作为目的地的人数在十年间显示出全面上升的趋势。课后作业2

The chart below shows the unemployment rates in the U.S. and Japan between March 1993 and March 1999. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.

The graph compares the unemployment rates in the U.S. and in Japan over a span of 6 years from March 1993 to March 1999. As can be seen from the graph, during this period of time, the unemployment rate in U.S. revealed a trend of gradual decline, whereas that in Japan witnessed an opposite tendency, namely, a steady rise.

Obviously, there was a dramatic increase with the unemployment rate in Japan between 1993 and 1994, rising from about 2.5% to 3.75%. Nevertheless, the following year experienced a slight fluctuation. From March 1995 to the middle of 1998, there was a stable growth accompanied by occasional fluctuations. Particularly in 1998, it peaked at approximately 5.3% and afterwards began to show minor drop before finally ending up at 5%.

On the other hand, the unemployment rate in U.S. was totally different from that in Japan. As is shown from the graph, US

unemployment rate fell significantly from the original 7.0% to the final 5.1%. The lowest rate, which appeared in 1998, reached about 4.7%, almost drew even to the highest rate in Japan.

Thus, we have learned about some information about the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between 1993 and 1999. 本图对比的是美国和日本从1993年3月到1999年3月六年间的失业率情况。

从图中可以看出，在这期间，美国的失业率呈现出逐渐下降的趋势，而日本的失业率却显现出截然相反的趋势，节节攀升。很明显，从1993年到1994年，日本的失业率从2.5%快速地上升到3.75%。然而，接下来的一年经历了轻微的震荡。从1995年3月到1998年中旬，伴随着偶尔的波动，继续呈现出稳定的增加趋势。尤其在1998年，曾一度达到了约5.3%的最高值，然后才开始再次转入微弱的下跌，最终以5%收尾。

另一方面，美国的失业率走向与日本完全不一样。从图表上看，美国失业率从最初的7.0%下降到了最后的5.1%。特别是在1998年，一度达到了4.7%的最低点，几乎与日本的最高点持平。

由此，我们了解了美国和日本在1993-1999年间失业率的一些情况。

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