Home > Medical Devices > Device Advice: Device Regulation and Guidance > Guidance Documents (Medical Devices)
Medical Devices
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers
1
Document issued on: September 9, 2008
This document supersedes “Information for Manufacturers Seeking Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic
Ultrasound Systems and Transducers,” dated September 30, 1997. For questions regarding this document contact Robert Phillips, Ph.D. at 301-796-2787 or Gerald Harris, Ph.D. at 301-796-2508, by email at Robert.Phillips1@FDA.HHS.GOV or Gerald.Harris@FDA.HHS.GOV, or write them at CDRH/FDA, Building 62. 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring MD 20993.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Radiological Devices Branch
Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices
Office of Device Evaluation
Division of Solid and Fluid Mechanics
Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories
Preface
Public Comment
Written comments and suggestions may be submitted at any time for Agency consideration to the Division of Dockets Management, Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, (HFA-305), Rockville, MD, 20852. When submitting comments, please refer to the exact title of this guidance document. Comments may not be acted upon by the Agency until the document is next revised or updated.
Additional Copies
Additional copies are available from the Internet2. You may also send an e-mail request to dsmica@fda.hhs.gov to receive an electronic copy of the guidance or send a fax request to 301-847-8149 to receive a hard copy. Please use the document number (560) to identify the guidance you are requesting. Note: Where used in this guidance, defined terms are in bold letters.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 RISK ASSESSMENT
1.3 INDICATIONS FOR USE
1.4 GENERAL DEVICE DESCRIPTION 1.5 PREDICATE DEVICE COMPARISON 1.6 ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
1.7 GENERAL CLINICAL SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS 1.8 LABELING
1.9 CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS
SECTION 2. TRACK 1 RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 TRACK 1 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
2.2 TRACK 1 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT LABELING IN THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL 2.3 TRACK 1 – EXAMPLE ACOUSTIC OUTPUT FORMATS
SECTION 3. TRACK 3 RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 TRACK 3 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
3.2 TRACK 3 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT LABELING IN THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，2/20
3.3 TRACK 3 - EXAMPLE ACOUSTIC OUTPUT FORMATS
3.4 TRACK 3 - EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR THE CLINICAL END USER
SECTION 4. DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE 34.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 4.2 LIST OF SYMBOLS SECTION 5. REFERENCES4
SECTION 6. ILLUSTRATIVE LIST FOR FDA REVIEWERS OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND 510(K) SUBMISSIONS5
APPENDIX A: SUGGESTED FORMAT AND CONTENT OF ACOUSTIC OUTPUT MEASUREMENT AND LABELING RECORDS MAINTAINED IN THE DESIGN HISTORY FILE6
APPENDIX B: NON-OEM REPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS7
APPENDIX C: REPROCESSED “SINGLE-USE ONLY” TRANSDUCERS8APPENDIX D: CLEANING, DISINFECTION, AND STERILIZATION9
APPENDIX E: DECIDING IF SYSTEM OR TRANSDUCER MODIFICATIONS REQUIRE A NEW 510(K) PREMARKET NOTIFICATION10
APPENDIX F: DECISION FLOW CHART FOR TRACKS 1 AND 311
APPENDIX G: EXAMPLE DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND INDICATIONS FOR USE FORMAT12
APPENDIX H: STATISTICAL ANALYSES13
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff
Information for Manufacturers Seeking Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and
Transducers
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.
Introduction
This guidance document provides detailed information recommended for manufacturers seeking marketing clearance of diagnostic ultrasound systems and transducers. This guidance replaces “Information for Manufacturers Seeking Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers,” dated September 30, 1997 (the 1997 guidance).
The 1997 guidance stated that any substantial equivalence decision should be followed by submission of a 510(k) Special Report prior to shipping the device. This new guidance document no longer recommends the submission of a 510(k) Special Report if the manufacturer maintains acoustic output measurements and labeling records in their Design History File1 (see Appendix A of this guidance document). Appendix A contains suggestions for
documenting this information. Also refer to: CDRH Device Advice, Quality System14 and 21 CFR Part 820--Quality System Regulation, Subpart C--Design Controls; Sec. 820.30(j) Design History File.
This guidance also adds appendices addressing non-OEM (original equipment manufacturer) replacement transducers (Appendix B) and reprocessed “single-use only” transducers (Appendix C) and revises recommended labeling for cleaning and disinfecting transducers (Appendix D).
NOTE: This guidance refers to many voluntary standards and other guidances. An attempt has been made to list the most current versions, but submitters should refer to the latest version of guidances and voluntary standards (see individual standards documents and the CDRH web page
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfStandards/search.cfm15 on recognized standards) when preparing their submissions. Contact the Radiological Devices Branch (RADB) if questions of applicability arise.
The Least Burdensome Approach
The issues identified in this guidance document represent those that we believe should be addressed before your device can be marketed. In developing the guidance, we carefully considered the relevant statutory criteria for
Agency decision-making. We also considered the burden that may be incurred in your attempt to follow the guidance and address the issues we have identified. We believe that we have considered the least burdensome approach to resolving the issues presented in the guidance document. If, however, you believe that there is a less burdensome way to address the issues, you should follow the procedures outlined in the “A Suggested Approach to Resolving Least Burdensome Issues” document. It is available on our Center Least Burdensome web page16.
FDA's guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency's current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，3/20
Section 1. General Information1.1 INTRODUCTION
This guidance supplements other FDA documents regarding the specific content requirements of a premarket notification submission. You should also refer to 21 CFR 807.87; the guidance, “Format for Traditional and
Abbreviated 510(k)s17,” and CDRH Device Advice, Premarket Notification 510(k)18. We recommend that you tab the major sections of your submission and that the numbering scheme of your submission follow or refer to the Section numbers in this guidance. Section 6 of this guidance contains an illustrative list for FDA reviewers of diagnostic ultrasound 510(k) submissions.
Section 402(j)(5)(B) of the Public Health Service Act, as amended by Title VIII of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA), requires that certifications be submitted with new applications/submissions to FDA. If you have questions on the Certification Form or the new requirements for the clinical trials databank under the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, Title VIII, Section 801, please contact:
FDAAAclinicaltrials@fda.hhs.gov. Additional information about Title VIII and a link to Form 3674 can be found at: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/news/121307.html.
The application of this document is limited to the devices described below.
Device21 CFR sectionProduct Code
Ultrasonic Pulsed Doppler Imaging System2.1550IYNUltrasonic Pulsed Echo Imaging System2.1560IYODiagnostic Ultrasound Transducer2.1570ITXEndoscope and Accessories876.1500ODGDiagnostic Intravascular Catheter870.1200OBJFetal Doppler Ultrasound884.2660LXEFetal Doppler Ultrasound Monitor884.2660MAAEchocardiograph870.2330DXKCardiovascular Blood Flowmeter870.2100DPWIntravascular Ultrasound Catheter870.1200OBJ
NOTE: FDA regulates diagnostic phantoms, quality assurance (QA) test objects, and other devices used to test
diagnostic ultrasound systems and transducers as class I, Radiologic Quality Assurance Instruments (21 CFR
2.1940). Such devices are exempt from the requirement of 510(k) premarket notification, subject to the limitations of section 2.9. Section 2.1940 also exempts radiological QA devices from good manufacturing practice
regulations (21 CFR Part 820) except for those related to records (21 CFR 820.180) and complaint files (21 CFR 820.198).
In addition to submitting a premarket notification [510(k)] for a new ultrasound device, manufacturers must also meet the following electronic product radiation control requirements:
l
21 CFR 1020.10 (Performance Standard for Ionizing Radiation Emitting Products - Television Receivers) for ultrasound products incorporating a cathode-ray-tube display; 21 CFR 1002.20 (Reporting of Accidental Radiation Occurrences); 21 CFR Part 1003 (Notification of Defects or Failure to Comply); and
21 CFR Part 1004 (Repurchase, Repairs, or Replacement of Electronic Products).
lll
Diagnostic ultrasound manufacturers are not required to submit abbreviated radiation safety reports as indicated in Table 1 of 21 CFR 1002.1. This guidance does not change the policy established by a notice to industry, dated February 24, 1986, exempting such products from reporting so long as a 510(k) is submitted.
You should refer to the CDRH guidance document titled “Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device19” for guidance on when a change or modification to an already cleared device requires submission of a new 510(k). Further information can be found in Appendix E.
This guidance retains the two-track approach of the 1997 guidance, in which FDA’s recommendations for the
information you should include in your 510(k) submission depend on whether your device follows Track 1 or Track 3. 2 The Track 1 recommendations are for devices that do not conform the Output Display Standard. Track 3 recommendations are for devices that conform to the Output Display Standard.
Please note: Instead of conforming to the Output Display Standard, Track 1 devices follow FDA recommendations for application-specific acoustic output exposure levels (see Table 2-1).
Although the term Output Display Standard is a generally recognized shortened name for the Standard for real-time display of thermal and mechanical acoustic output indices on diagnostic ultrasound equipment (AIUM/NEMA 2004a), for the purposes of this guidance, the term refers to one of two standards, AIUM/NEMA 2004a and Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-37: Particular requirements for the safety of ultrasonic medical diagnostic and
monitoring equipment (IEC 2007). Both are FDA-recognized standards3 and conformance with either allows you to follow Track 3 for your device. If you choose to follow the Output Display Standard (Track 3), you should provide a declaration of conformity to the one of those standards (see FDA-36 Standards Data Report form20).
See also Appendix F for a flow chart to aid in determining which Track to follow, and what the recommendations are for each Track with respect to acoustic output. In either case, you should clearly identify the Track being followed for your submission.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，4/20
1.1.1 Abbreviated 510(k)s
An Abbreviated 510(k) submission must include the required elements identified in 21 CFR 807.87, including the
proposed labeling for the device sufficient to describe the device, its intended use, and the directions for its use. In an Abbreviated 510(k), we recommend that you include a descriptive summary report of appropriate supporting data within the meaning of 21 CFR 807.87(f) or (g). The report should describe how this guidance document was used during the device development and testing and should briefly describe the methods or tests used and a summary of the test data or description of the acceptance criteria applied to address the risks identified in this document, as well as any additional risks specific to your device. This section suggests information to fulfill some of the requirements of section 807.87 and identifies other items that we recommend you include in an Abbreviated 510(k). Coversheet
The coversheet should prominently identify the submission as an Abbreviated 510(k) and cite the title of this guidance document.
Proposed labeling
Proposed labeling must be sufficient to describe the device, its intended use, and the directions for its use (21 CFR 807.87(e)). (Please refer to Section 1.8 for specific information that should be included in the labeling for devices of the type covered by this guidance document.) Summary report4
In accordance with 21 CFR 807.87, your summary report should contain: Description of the device and its intended use
We recommend that you describe the performance specifications and, when appropriate, include detailed, labeled drawings of the device. (Please refer to Section 1.4 for specific information that we recommend you include in the device description for devices of the type covered by this guidance document.) You should also submit an “indications for use” enclosure. (See Appendix G for an example of a recommended format.) Description of device design requirements
You must include a brief description of the device design requirements. (21 CFR 807.87(g). Identification of the risk analysis method
We recommend that you identify the risk analysis method(s) you used to assess the risk profile, in general, as well as the specific device’s design and the results of this analysis. (Please refer to Section 1.2 for the risks to health generally associated with the use of this device that FDA has identified.) Discussion of the device characteristics
We recommend that you discuss the device characteristics that address the risks identified in this guidance document, as well as any additional risks identified in your risk analysis. Description of the performance aspects
We recommend that you include a brief description of the test method(s) you have used or intend to use to address each performance aspect identified in Sections 1-3 of this class II special controls guidance document. If you follow a suggested test method, you may cite the method rather than describing it. If you modify a suggested test method, you may cite the method but should provide sufficient information to explain the nature of and reason for the
modification. For each test, you may either (1) briefly present the data resulting from the test in clear and concise form, such as a table, or (2) describe the acceptance criteria that you will apply to your test results5. (See also 21 CFR 820.30, Subpart C - Design Controls for the Quality System Regulation.) Reliance on standards
If any part of the device design or testing relies on a recognized standard, we recommend that you include either:
l
l
a statement that testing will be conducted and meet specified acceptance criteria before the device is marketed or
a declaration of conformity to the standard.6
Because a declaration of conformity is based on results from testing, you cannot properly submit a declaration of conformity until you have completed the testing the standard describes. For more information, please refer to
section 514(c)(1)(B) of Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (the Act) and the FDA guidance, Use of Standards in Substantial Equivalence Determinations21.
If it is not clear how you have addressed the risks identified by FDA or additional risks identified through your risk analysis, we may request additional information about aspects of the device’s performance characteristics. We may also request additional information if we need it to assess the adequacy of your acceptance criteria. Under 21 CFR
807.87(l), we may request any additional information that is necessary to reach a determination regarding substantial equivalence. Also, if you choose to use a standard in the submission of any new 510(k) (Traditional, Abbreviated or Special22), you should fill out a standards form (Form 36) for each standard referenced and submit it with your 510(k) (Information on this form23).
As an alternative to submitting an Abbreviated 510(k), you can submit a Traditional 510(k) that provides all of the information and data required under 21 CFR 807.87 and described in this guidance. A Traditional 510(k) should include all of your methods, data, acceptance criteria, and conclusions. Manufacturers considering certain
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，5/20
modifications to their own cleared devices should consider submitting a Special 510(k).
1.2 RISK ASSESSMENT
Diagnostic ultrasound has an excellent safety record over its several decades of use. However, exposure of tissues to intense levels of ultrasound, well above those levels found with diagnostic ultrasound devices, can have significant destructive effects. Therefore, determinations of substantial equivalence in terms of safety for diagnostic devices are made in part by comparing the appropriate acoustic output levels of new devices to those of predicate devices; i.e., devices on the market prior to May 28, 1976, the date of the Medical Device Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These Preamendments acoustic output exposure levels are given in Table 2-1 of this guidance. The levels are derated to permit a more accurate comparison between transducers having different frequencies and focal lengths.7
Furthermore, because laboratory studies have shown the potential for both thermal and mechanical bioeffects at diagnostic acoustic output levels, and because of the particular concern for fetal exposures (Stratmeyer 2003), prudent use has been advocated by national and international bodies concerned with medical ultrasound use and safety (AIUM 1994, Barnett et al. 2000, BMUS/BIR 2000, Health Canada 2001, Nyborg, 2002, NCRP 2002). Two
mechanisms have been advanced to help clinical users employ this concept: providing the maximum levels of acoustic output in the device labeling (AIUM 2008) and incorporating an acoustic output display on the device (AIUM 1994, IEC 2007, AIUM/NEMA 2004a). This guidance recognizes both of these mechanisms. For devices that follow the Track 1 recommendations (Section 2), acoustic output information should be included in the Operator’s Manual. A tabular format such as shown in Examples 2-2 and 2-3 may be useful for this purpose. For devices that follow the Track 3 recommendations (Section 3), the system should incorporate the output display according to AIUM/NEMA 2004a or IEC 2007, and the labeling should include acoustic output information. A tabular format such as shown in Example 3-4 may be useful for this purpose. Although the completed examples need not accompany the 510(k) submission, Section 1.6.1 suggests the basic elements of the acoustic output test methodology that should be described in the submission.
1.3 INDICATIONS FOR USE
We recommend that you use this section to provide the indications for use (IFU) statement, which is a document used to identify and describe the specific indications for use for the system(s) and transducers included in the 510(k) submission.
Your IFU statement should be exactly the same as the indications for use described throughout your 510(k) submission, including the indications for use in the device labeling. Diagnostic ultrasound devices are generally indicated as “prescription use only.”
We recommend that your IFU statement contain the clinical applications (see “Guidance for Industry:
General/Specific Intended Use24,”) and modes of operation applicable to each application for the system and for
each transducer. We believe that a tabular format is desirable for presenting this information. An example is provided in Appendix G.
General imaging and Doppler IFUs for ultrasound devices have usually been cleared through the 510(k) process.
However, individual devices may not follow this pattern. For example, devices with unique specific indications or that provide novel quantitative information may be found to have a new intended use or raise new types of questions of safety and effectiveness. These devices may require a PMA.
1.4 GENERAL DEVICE DESCRIPTION
1.4.1 You should provide a general description of the subject device, including (but not limited to) model designation, design, patient contact materials, and control panel and system operation. The following items should be addressed for system operation (as applicable):
1.4.1.1 You should describe the transducer and its operation in each mode and mode combination, including, but not limited to:
a. the transducer model designation and type (e.g., mechanical sector, rectangular phased array, curved linear array, annular phased array); and
b. size and spacing of element(s), geometrical configuration, total number of elements in the array and array dimensions as well as the maximum number of active elements for a single pulse, if applicable, and the nominal ultrasonic frequency(ies) of the transducer assembly.
1.4.1.2 You should describe the operating controls that can cause a change in the radiated field, e.g., output, pulse repetition frequency, transmit focal length, sector angle, image rate, pulse duration, depth, and sample volume. For a Track 1 device, describe the operating controls and procedures necessary to change to an application or mode that has a higher application-specific acoustic output level (see Table 2-1).
1.4.1.3 You should describe any unique features or technological characteristics of the subject device.
1.4.1.4 You should specify which track is followed in the 510(k) submission. Systems may use transducers that are of different tracks, but a single transducer should be either Track 1 or Track 3 for all applications with a specific model. In some cases, however, exceptions may be considered (e.g., Transcranial Doppler (TCD)).
1.5 PREDICATE DEVICE COMPARISON
1.5.1 You should identify comparable predicate device(s) to which the subject device is being claimed to be
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，6/20
substantially equivalent. Identify, if possible, the 510(k) numbers for the predicate device(s).
1.5.2 You should compare the subject device to the predicate device(s) in terms of key safety and effectiveness
features. We recommend you also discuss the differences and provide supporting data, if applicable. In addition, you should provide the following (tabular format is desirable):
lllll
indication(s) for use;
general device description (design, patient contact materials, operational characteristics, specifications); acoustic output and device settings used; general safety and effectiveness; and
labeling and/or promotional materials (draft documents are acceptable).
1.5.3 You should identify any accessories or kits intended for use with the device. For accessories or kits, you should provide evidence of the predicate status of the designated comparison device(s); i.e., Preamendments status (see CDRH Device Advice, Preamendments Devices25) or 510(k) number(s).
1.6 ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
Defined in Sections 2 and 3 are the \"Tracks\" a manufacturer of diagnostic ultrasound equipment may follow to
demonstrate the substantial equivalence of its ultrasound system with respect to acoustic output. See Appendix F for a decision flow chart. In all cases, the derated global maximum acoustic output should not exceed Preamendments acoustic output exposure levels (see Table 2-1); i.e., derated ISPTA ≤ 720 mW/cm2, and either MI ≤ 1.9 or derated ISPPA ≤ 190 W/cm2. Note the exception for ophthalmic use in Section 3. Also note that the global maximum
derated value is the global maximum value after derating and not the derated value corresponding to the global maximum value measured in water.
In all submissions, the manufacturer should indicate that the acoustic output exposure levels will be or were
measured, calculated, and derated following the most recently released revision of the Acoustic Output Measurement Standard for DiagnosticUltrasound Equipment (AIUM/NEMA 2004b) or the measurement procedure should be fully described. Anydeviation from the methodologies outlined in the AIUM/NEMA standard document should be fully described in terms of the differing methodology used and be supported with validating data.
In determining the global maximum acoustic output, manufacturers are not expected to include hydrophone measurement uncertainties when reporting intensity or MI values, because measurement uncertainties were not included in the acoustic output exposure levels in Table 2-1. To further clarify this procedure, the uncertainty of the acoustic output exposure levels in Table 2-1 is estimated to be +30% for intensity and +15% for MI, so a firm does not have to account for its measurement uncertainty as long as that uncertainty does not exceed 30% (or 15%). If the measurement uncertainty does exceed 30% (or 15%), then the Preamendments acoustic output exposure levels in Table 2-1 should be reduced accordingly by the amount over 30% (or 15%).
For example, if the global maximum hydrophone-determined ISPTA.3 was 600 mW/cm2, and the hydrophone measurement uncertainty for intensity was +25%, then the value 600 mW/cm2 (and not 600 x 1.25 = 750 mW/cm2) would be compared to 720 mW/cm2. However, if the hydrophone uncertainty was +35%, then 600 mW/cm2 would be compared to 720 x (1.30/1.35) = 693 mW/cm2.
Manufacturers must comply with 21 CFR 820.30(j) Design History File. Your Design History File must contain or reference the records necessary to demonstrate that the design was developed in accordance with the approved design plan and the requirements of 21 CFR Part 820. Accordingly, include documentation of the acoustic output
measurement of your transducers including measurement instrumentation, calibration, software, test results, and test protocols.
1.6.1 Test Methodology
You should provide in the 510(k), either 1) a separate section containing a description of the acoustic output test methodology or 2) a reference to a previously cleared 510(k) submission or approved PMA application that contains an acceptable description of the acoustic output test methodology (you should include 510(k) or PMA number, along with the attachment number and/or page numbers). If you refer to a 510(k) or PMA, any updates to the test
methodology that could affect the comparison with the predicate device should be specifically noted and included in the submission.
The test methodology section should contain the components discussed below.
1.6.1.1 You should include descriptions of measurement instrumentation (e.g., hydrophone type, effective diameter, frequency response, hydrophone amplifier characteristics). If you use any commercial devices, you should include manufacturers' names and model numbers.
NOTE: With reference to Section 3.3.2 of AIUM/NEMA 2004b, it is recommended that all measurements of pulsed (i.e., amplitude modulated) waveforms that result in reported or labeled acoustic quantities or in output display indices be made with a spot-poled membrane hydrophone. This recommendation applies unless it can be
demonstrated that a non-membrane (e.g., needle-type) hydrophone gives a result equivalent to (or better than) a membrane hydrophone, whether due to the nature of the pulse or field being measured, special hydrophone designs, or the use of correction factors or procedures. Furthermore, the combined ±3 dB frequency response of all
components used to condition, amplify, or record the hydrophone waveform (but typically excluding the hydrophone itself) should be documented down to at least fc/20. Any deviation from this practice (e.g., due to mechanical
interferences) should be described fully in this test methodology section. Non-membrane hydrophones are acceptable
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，7/20
for continuous wave measurements and uses not directly affecting reporting or labeling, such as in quality control measurements.
1.6.1.2 You should provide a description of the measurement set-up.
1.6.1.3 You should include descriptions of the measurement and calculation procedures, including consistency checks and protocol for assuring that global maximum output conditions are identified, especially in autoscanning and combined-mode situations. This description should include an example calculation of the ISPTA.3 in both a non-autoscanning and autoscanning mode, including a waveform record for the non-autoscanning case. NOTE: For Doppler fetal heart rate monitors (see Sections 2.1.2 and 2.2.5), the example calculation should include ISATA instead of ISPTA.3.
1.6.1.4 You should describe your procedures for assuring that when either hardware or software changes are made, the effects of these changes on the acoustic output are assessed, and, if necessary, are then measured, documented, and incorporated into the labeling and, if applicable, output display.
1.6.1.5 You should describe any procedures used to correct for spatial averaging by the hydrophone, if applicable. See e.g., Zeqiri, et al. 1992.
1.6.1.6 You should describe the calibration procedures for measurement instruments, including how often calibrations or spot checks are performed.
1.6.1.7 You should describe the procedures used for assessment of Type A (random) and Type B (systematic) uncertainties associated with measurement or calculation of the ultrasonic power, pressure, intensities, and
center frequency. In addition, you should include a brief description of all relevant error sources considered and an explanation of how the overall uncertainty was determined. See Appendix H, item 2.
1.6.1.8 You should describe the protocol for assuring that the specifications for acoustic output exposure levels will not exceed the global maximum acoustic output exposure levels specified in Sections 2 (Track 1) or Section 3 (Track 3). If the test protocol described in 1.6.1.3 is not used on all devices, you should describe the correlation
between acoustic output and sensitivity or other measurable parameter(s). If 100% testing will not be performed, you should describe the statistical sampling plan used to ensure that the specifications for acoustic output exposure levels are meaningful. We recommend that this plan comprise the one-sided tolerance limit for normal distributions. See Appendix A, Section B5. This plan can be described simply by providing the values of γ (or, equivalently, 1-α) and P. Please justify values less than γ = 0.9 and P=0.9.
Note: Statistical analyses of measurement or performance data are requested in several sections of the guidance. See Appendix H for a summary.
1.7 GENERAL CLINICAL SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS
1.7.1 Clinical Measurement Accuracy and System Sensitivity
1.7.1.1 You should identify and describe the various clinical (biometric) measurements that may be performed with the subject device.
1.7.1.2 For each transducer/mode combination, you should provide the accuracy of any measurement (e.g.,
distance, volume, heart rate, Doppler frequency shift, velocity, indices, etc.) that can be made in that mode and the range over which this accuracy can be expected to be maintained. You should describe and justify the test
methodology (e.g., laboratory phantom) used to determine each accuracy. With regard to Doppler accuracy, you should provide a plot for each transducer of measured versus actual velocity with error bars for at least ten velocity values over the range of velocity values specified in the labeling. Please note that electronic phantom data should not be used because it generally does not include the transducer as part of the test system.
1.7.1.3 For each probe/mode combination in which quantitative claims regarding Doppler sensitivity are made in the product labeling, you should provide a minimum performance specification of the Doppler sensitivity in the Design History File. The justification for the methodology and an analysis of uncertainty should also be included in the Design History File. The results of the design validation, including identification of the design methods, the date, and the individuals performing the validation, must be documented in the Design History File (21 CFR 820.30(g), (j)). 1.7.2 Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrical Safety
1.7.2.1 Please provide either a declaration of conformity to an FDA-recognized standard or data showing that your system has been tested to be thermally, electrically, and mechanically safe. You may include descriptions, safety precautions, testing, and data to support the electrical and mechanical safety of your device and identify the FDA recognized standards to which the system conforms.
1.7.2.2 You should describe the means used to limit the surface heating of invasive probes in the event of a device malfunction. Please state and scientifically justify your temperature limits. 1.7.3 Patient-Contacting Materials
1.7.3.1 Please provide the trade name, generic material composition (e.g., polyethylene, polycarbonate), and manufacturer of all patient-contacting materials or provide the Master File number that contains the material description.
1.7.3.2 You should provide biocompatibility testing results for tests conducted as described in ISO 10993-1:2003, “Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Part 1: Evaluation and Testing,” and the guidance entitled \"Use of International Standard ISO-10993, \"Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices Part-1: Evaluation and Testing26,\" for
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，8/20
any patient contact materials. For materials, probes, components and accessories that have been previously cleared for the same or more critical tissue contact, biocompatibility data need not be provided if you indicate that the patient contact materials are unchanged in formulation and processing from a previously cleared device. 1.7.4 Cleaning, Disinfection, Sterilization, and Pyrogenicity
1.7.4.1 If the transducer is supplied non-sterile or is intended to be reused between patients, you should provide clearly written recommended procedures on how to clean, disinfect, and sterilize the transducer between uses if
necessary. These recommended procedures should be validated by you and a summary of your validation procedures provided in the submission. The level of disinfection or sterilization should be appropriate for the intended clinical use. You should determine which types of disinfectants are compatible with your products. You may recommend the use of an FDA-cleared liquid sterilant/high level disinfectant for the high level disinfection of transducers used as semi-critical devices (see “Content and Format of Premarket Notification [510(k)] Submissions for Liquid Chemical Sterilants/High Level Disinfectants27”. For sterilization, which should be used for transducers in contact with the bloodstream or normally sterile tissues, you should recommend the use of an appropriate sterilization process, which you should validate for use with your transducers. See Appendix D for more information.
1.7.4.2 For device components or accessories provided sterile to the user, FDA recommends that you provide
sterilization information in your 510(k) as described in the “Updated 510(k) Sterility Review Guidance K90-128”. We recommend the device be sterilized with a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 1 x 10-6.
1.7.4.3 If the device is labeled pyrogen-free, you should provide a description of the method (standard method) used to assess pyrogenicity. FDA recommends the following endotoxin endpoint: 0.5 EU/ml for general medical devices (e.g. blood contacting) and 0.06 EU/ml for devices that contact cerebrospinal fluid. These endpoints assume an
extraction methodology described in “Guideline on Validation of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test as an End-Product Endotoxin Test29.” 1.7.5 Software/Firmware
Applications that contain software that governs the operation of diagnostic ultrasound equipment have usually been submitted with minor level of concern as described in “Guidance for the Content of Premarket Submissions for
Software Contained in Medical Devices30” (the Software guidance). The rationale for this level of concern was that the potential for injury possible to a patient in the event of software/firmware failure, both directly (i.e., inappropriate delivery of electrical, thermal, or acoustic energy) and indirectly (i.e., inappropriate physician action based on
inaccurate diagnostic information), is not likely to be major or life threatening. This is an outdated interpretation. The Software guidance places software “where a failure or latent flaw could indirectly result in minor injury to the patient or operator through incorrect or delayed information or through the action of a care provider” into the moderate risk category.
We recommend that you provide a full description of the software/firmware supporting the operation of the subject device following the Software guidance, commensurate with the appropriate level of concern. This recommendation applies to original systems as well as to any software/firmware changes made to already-marketed devices. New or unusual indications, applications, or technological characteristics may result in a higher level of concern. Changes to software must be revalidated and reverified in accordance with Design Controls, 21 CFR 820.30(g)(i), and
documented in the Design History File 21 CFR 820.30(j). FDA recognizes that many of these ultrasound systems have a variety of software modules controlling many different functions and that the level of concern for a particular module may vary. With appropriate justification, a manufacturer may provide different levels of documentation for different modules.
We recommend that your 510(k) submission also provide a summary description of new or altered algorithms and an explanation of why they are suitable for the chosen task.
1.8 LABELING
Labeling must provide sufficient detail to satisfy the requirements of 21 CFR 807.87(e). The following information will assist you in meeting the requirements of 21 CFR Part 801. Although final labeling is not required for 510(k)
clearance, final labeling must comply with the requirements of 21 CFR Part 801 before a medical device is introduced into interstate commerce. In addition, final labeling for prescription medical devices must comply with 21 CFR 801.109. Labeling recommendations in this guidance are consistent with the requirements of Part 801.
1.8.1 You should provide draft operator's manuals and any labeling materials that describe the system and
associated transducers (maintenance manuals are not necessary). Labeling for all prescription diagnostic ultrasound equipment must comply with 21 CFR 801.109. Manufacturers are encouraged to consult CDRH Device Advice, Labeling Requirements31 for labeling advice. In general, labeling contains: a.b.c.d.e.g.h.
a description of the device indications for use, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse effects,
summaries of clinical studies, and references.
f.instructions for use,
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seeking ...页码，9/20
1.8.1.1 Provide clearly stated indications for use, contraindications, warnings, precautions, and a prescription device statement where appropriate. This includes (but is not limited to): a.b.
a precaution to perform the ultrasound procedure prudently using the principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable);
for Track 1 systems, a caution when applicable (see also Table 2-1 and Section 2.2.4) that the device is not intended for fetal use (either in the operator's manual, individual transducer manuals, or on equipment labeling);
a description of the warnings, displays, or other system responses of the device to fault conditions;
a caution that cardiac rhythm disturbances during perfusion studies using gas ultrasound contrast agents have been observed in the diagnostic range of Mechanical Index (MI) values. See the specific package insert for the contrast agent being used for details; and
appropriate data supporting specific diagnostic claims.
c.d.
e.
1.8.1.2 Provide clinical instructions for the use of the device in either the system or transducer operator's manual. Indications for use must be specified for prescription devices (21 CFR 801.109(c)).
1.8.1.3 You should identify the device's compatible device accessories, kits, and components in the operator's manual(s). You should also provide the specifications for these accessories. When use of probe sheaths is recommended, the probe labeling should discuss the natural rubber safety issues described in 21 CFR 801.437, User Labeling for Devices that Contain Natural Rubber.
1.8.1.4 You should provide the accuracy of each clinical measurement possible with the device and the range over which this accuracy can be expected to be maintained.
NOTE: The accuracy range given for Doppler applications should not exceed the range measured under 1.7.1.2. 1.8.1.5 You should provide draft acoustic output labeling in the operator's manual, following Section 2.2 (Track 1) or Section 3.2 (Track 3).
1.8.1.6 You should provide instructions for care of the device between uses, including storage, cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of all components, as appropriate. a.
For clinical applications of a semi-critical or critical8 nature (e.g., intraoperative, transrectal, transvaginal, transesophageal, or biopsy procedures), labeling should recommend, when appropriate, the use of sterile,
legally marketed probe sheaths. Note that the use of sheaths does not change the type of reprocessing that is recommended after each use (see Appendix D, special situation 2).
When recommending a procedure that uses a legally marketed liquid disinfecting or sterilizing agent, either your labeling should reference the labeling provided by the agent’s manufacturer or your instructions should be consistent with the agent’s labeling.
For a reusable device, when recommending any procedure, such as cleaning, low level disinfection, high level disinfection, or sterilization, you should provide detailed instructions to the user. You should validate these procedures. Please see “Labeling Reusable Medical Devices for Reprocessing in Health Care Facilities: FDA Reviewer Guidance32,” which describes the information you should provide in your 510(k) submission.
b.
c.
1.8.1.7 Additional labeling may be necessary to address safety and effectiveness concerns, depending upon the
clinical application(s) of the transducer; e.g., transcranial, transesophageal, intraoperative, transvaginal, ophthalmic, or vascular diagnostic systems.
Neurological intraoperative probes (i.e., probes that make contact with the dura or any intracranial tissues) should have the following additional labeling: a.b.
a recommendation to use sterile, pyrogen-free sheaths; and
a caution, warning the user of a potential problem in using the probe on patients with known or suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The probe sheath cannot be relied upon to prevent contamination of the
probe. A transducer exposed to central nervous system tissue from known or suspected CJD or vCJD should be destroyed since it may not be possible to sterilize it. (See
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/qa_cjd_infection_control.htm33 ).
1.8.1.8 References to literature should be included when appropriate.
1.9 CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS
Ultrasound systems intended for specific cardiovascular applications include intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
catheters, associated software, and imaging systems. For cardiovascular applications, these devices are reviewed by the Cardiac Electrophysiology and Monitoring Branch (CEMB) in the Division of Cardiovascular Devices (DCD), Office of Device Evaluation, CDRH. For specific questions related to devices that feature cardiovascular applications, please contact the CEMB Branch Chief at (240) 276-4095.
This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive discussion of the requirements of ultrasound systems for cardiovascular applications, but to provide some basic recommendations to aid a sponsor in the preparation of a 510(k) application for a cardiovascular application. Indications for Use
Your submission should describe the specific indications for use for which the device is intended (e.g., visualization of
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，10/20
cardiac and vessel anatomy and physiology). Device Description
For IVUS catheters, the submission should contain a full characterization of the device description, including:
lllll
dimensions (catheter size, length); materials of use; device design;
mechanical properties (e.g., deflectability); and mechanism of action, including properties of use.
Regarding any software, the submission should provide a full description of the algorithm (or methodology) employed by the software in its generation of any diagnostic or visual information. The submission should also include evidence that demonstrates the accuracy of the algorithms employed and that supports the instructions for use. Performance Testing
For IVUS catheters, the submission should contain appropriate mechanical and electrical testing including the following:
llll
tensile strength; torsional strength; deflection; and buckling force.
Section 2. Track 1 Recommendations
Track 1 recommendations are for diagnostic ultrasound systems that do not follow the Output Display Standard or are not indicated for any fetal Doppler applications (except for fetal heart rate monitors, Section 2.1.2). Track 1
submissions are evaluated in relation to application-specific Preamendments acoustic output exposure levels. Table 2-1 lists the highest known acoustic field emissions for Preamendments diagnostic ultrasound devices. The values are derated. Systems that exceed these application-specific acoustic output exposure levels are evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Table 2-1: Preamendments Acoustic Output Exposure Levels
UseISPTA.3(mW/cm2)ISPPA.3(W/cm2) or MI
Peripheral Vessel7201901.9Cardiac4301901.9Fetal Imaging & Other*941901.9Ophthalmic17280.23
* Abdominal, Intraoperative, Pediatric, Small Organ (breast, thyroid, testes, etc.), Neonatal Cephalic, Adult Cephalic ISPTA.3 = Derated Spatial-Peak Temporal-Average Intensity
ISPPA.3 = Derated Spatial-Peak Pulse-Average Intensity MI = Mechanical Index
NOTE: for purposes of acoustic output exposure levels: a.b.c.d.
transesophageal and intravascular for non-cardiac use, and musculo-skeletal applications should be included in the category, Fetal Imaging & Other;
cardiac use includes transthoracic adult and pediatric uses as well as intravascular and transesophageal adult and pediatric uses for visualization of the heart and coronary vessels; peripheral vessel use includes vessels of the neck; and cephalic and transcranial are synonymous.
2.1 TRACK 1 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
Track 1 is based on application-specific comparisons to Preamendments acoustic output exposure levels given in Table 2-1. Measurements or estimates of acoustic output for each transducer should be made at the highest output setting available for use.
NOTE: For each transducer, the system should operate in such a way that a conscious and deliberate action is
required to change to an application or mode that has a higher application-specific acoustic output exposure level. Otherwise, output measurements should be made for the application having the highest application-specific acoustic output exposure levels. (See Section 1.4.1.2.)
2.1.1 Your submission should include the information described below. a.
For each system/transducer combination, we recommend you specify for each mode/application combination (as stated in the Indications for Use), the target range of values for the ISPTA.3 and for the MI or ISPPA.3 under the operating conditions that maximize these quantities. A tabular format is desirable; see the example given in Example 2-1.
¡
NOTE: The upper bound should not be greater than the appropriate application specific value listed in
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，11/20
Table 2-1. When system/transducer or mode/application combinations have the same design target range
for a given output quantity, a single range can be listed for those combinations.
b.c.
A description of how the specification(s) in 2.1.1.a will be met.
The engineering basis for the range of values specified in 2.1.1.a (e.g., preliminary or prototype measurements, theoretical calculations, estimates based on measurements of previously cleared transducers, or acoustic output exposure levels).
¡
NOTE: If you specify upper bounds that the device will not exceed in place of the target range of values recommended in 2.1.1.a, you should explain how you addressed the recommendations in 2.1.1.b and 2.1.1.c.
face of 20 mW/cm2. This intensity may be estimated by dividing the ultrasonic power by the area corresponding to the entrance beam dimensions. A simple conservative approach for pulsed Doppler FHR monitors is to use 20 mW/cm2 as a guide for the maximum spatial-average pulse-average intensity at the transducer face. For such transducers, two estimates should be made: a.b.
duty factor (DF) = pulse duration x pulse repetition frequency
ISATA @ Transducer Face = UltrasonicPower/Area Corresponding to entrance beam dimensions
If the ISATA @ Transducer Face/DF is less than 20 mW/cm2, then the transducer's acoustic output is below Preamendments exposure levels for the type of ultrasound transducer, i.e., 20 mW/cm2. If this value is higher than 20 mW/cm2, you may consult with the Radiological Devices Branch about the appropriate measurements that you should make.
2.1.2 For continuous-wave fetal heart rate (FHR) monitors with low-power unfocused CW Doppler transducers, there is a single acoustic output exposure level for the spatial-average temporal-average intensity (ISATA) at the transducer
2.1.3 Track 1 submissions for devices whose overall acoustic output exceeds application specific limits should be
supported by laboratory and clinical data demonstrating safety and the need for higher output. In these submissions, you should describe what user interactive features are provided to enhance user awareness of acoustic output (e.g., on screen display, power up default settings, or manual override).
mW/cm2, you should provide an estimate of maximum temperature rise (TR) attributable to the use of that
transducer for each operating mode. You should describe the model used to determine the estimation. This model should account for heating of skull bone. An acceptable model for making these estimates can be found in Section 6 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a, or in IEC 2005. When the ISPTA.3 exceeds 94 mW/cm2 for this application, we recommend special labeling in the form of on-screen precautions about scanning through the eye, burr-holes, fontanels, or foramen magnum.
For example, for any transducer intended for transcranial (cephalic) applications in which the ISPTA.3 exceeds 94
2.2 TRACK 1 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT LABELING IN THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL
2.2.1 In the operator’s manual, you should provide global maximum acoustic output values for each possible system/transducer/mode/application combination. A tabular format is desirable for this information. An example of this format is provided in Section 2.3 and also in the AIUM labeling standard (AIUM 2008). The proposed labeling in your 510(k) should contain the acoustic output quantities you plan to include but not necessarily the values of these quantities, and also a description of any symbols used. In addition, the labeling should include the corresponding operating conditions, and the measurement uncertainties for acoustic quantities (power, pressure, intensities, center frequency). The global maximum values of MI and spatial-peak intensities in the Track 1 acoustic output labeling should be statistical maximum values. See Appendix A, Section B5.
2.2.2 You should provide an explanation of how derated acoustic output exposure quantities were derived from exposure quantities measured in water.
2.2.3 You should provide an explanation of the interactive system features that affect acoustic output (see Section 1.4.1.2). You should also provide instructions on how to use these features to follow the ALARA principle. For
transducers that exceed application specific acoustic output exposure levels in Table 2-1 or for transducers for which more than one application-specific acoustic output exposure level applies, you should describe what user-interactive features are provided to enhance user awareness of acoustic output. For example these features could include an on-screen display, power-up default settings, manual override, or warnings.
2.2.4 When abdominal Doppler is indicated, you should clearly state that this indication does not include fetal Doppler.
2.2.5 For unfocused fetal heart rate monitors, (see Section 2.1.2) you should provide the following information
instead of that recommended in Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2: ISATA at the transducer face, entrance beam dimensions, center frequency, pulse duration and pulse repetition frequency (if pulsed), and measurement uncertainties for
ISATA, ultrasonic power, and center frequency. The reported ISATA at the transducer face should be the statistical maximum of the global maximum value. See Appendix A, Section B5.
Example 2-1
TRACK 1 SUMMARY (ref. 2.1.1)
System: ______________ Transducer: ______________
Mode of Operation
Clinical ApplicationGlobal Maximum Output Level (est.) B M PWDCWDColor Combined
Other*
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，12/20
Doppler(Specify)(Specify)
Ophthalmic
max ISPTA.3
min ISPTA.3
max MI (or ISPPA.3)min MI (or ISPPA.3)
Fetal Imaging & Othermax ISPTA.3
min ISPTA.3
max MI (or ISPPA.3)min MI (or ISPPA.3)max ISPTA.3Cardiac
min ISPTA.3
max MI (or ISPPA.3)min MI (or ISPPA.3)max ISPTA.3Peripheral Vessel
min ISPTA.3
max MI (or ISPPA.3)min MI (or ISPPA.3)
* Examples of other modes of operation include: A-mode, Amplitude Doppler, 3-D Imaging, Harmonic Imaging, Tissue Motion Doppler, and Color Velocity Imaging
N.B. The information should be provided separately for each system and transducer.
2.3 TRACK 1 – EXAMPLE ACOUSTIC OUTPUT FORMATS
For each mode/application combination identified in Section 2.1.1.a, we recommend that you provide the acoustic output (MI, ISPTA.3, ISPPA.3) and associated acoustic parameters and operating control conditions. A tabular format is desirable; see Examples 2-2 and 2-3 for non-autoscanning and autoscanning modes, respectively. If the acoustic output of an “other” mode is the same (within the manufacturer’s stated measurement uncertainty) as that of a designated standard mode, then one acoustic output description can apply for both modes. However, the acoustic output description should be identified as applying to both modes.
All entries in Example 2-2 and Example 2-3 should be obtained at the same operating conditions that give rise to the global maximum derated intensity or MI value in the second row. These operating conditions should be specified. Measurement uncertainties for acoustic quantities (power, pressure, intensities, center frequency) should be provided.
Symbols used in the two examples are described below.
ISPTA.3 the derated spatial-peak temporal-average intensity (milliwatts per square centimeter).
ISPPA.3 the derated spatial-peak pulse-average intensity (watts per square centimeter). The value of IPA.3 at the position of global maximum MI (IPA.3@MI) may be reported instead of ISPPA.3 if the global maximum MI is reported.
MI the Mechanical Index. The value of MI at the position of ISPPA.3, (MI@ISPPA.3) may be reported instead of MI
is ≤ 190W/cm2. (global maximum value) if I
SPPA.3
pr.3 the deratedpeak rarefactional pressure (megapascals) associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the
value reported under MI.
Wo the ultrasonic power (milliwatts). For the operating condition giving rise to ISPTA.3, Wo is the total time-average power; for the operating condition subject to reporting under ISPPA.3, Wo is the ultrasonic power associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the value reported under ISPPA.3.
fc the center frequency (MHz). For MI and ISPPA.3, fc is the center frequency associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the global maximum value of the respective parameter. For ISPTA.3, for combined modes involving beam types of unequal center frequency, fc is defined as the overall range of center frequencies of the respective transmit patterns.
z the axial distance at which the reported parameter is measured (centimeters).
sp
x-6, y-6 are respectively the in-plane (azimuthal) and out-of-plane (elevational) -6 dB dimensions in the x-y plane where zsp is found (centimeters).
PD the pulse duration (microseconds) associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the reported value of the respective parameter.
PRF the pulse repetition frequency (Hz) associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the reported value of the respective parameter.
EBD the entrance beam dimensions for the azimuthal and elevational planes (centimeters). EDS the entrance dimensions of the scan for the azimuthal and elevational planes (centimeters).
Example 2-2
Acoustic Output Format for Track 1
Non-Autoscanning Mode
System: _____________ Operating Mode: _____________
Transducer Model: _____________ Application(s): _____________
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，13/20
Acoustic Output
Global Maximum Value
pr.3Associated
Acoustic WoParameterf
c
MI
(MPa)(mW)(MHz)(cm)x-6 (cm)y-6 (cm)(µsec)(Hz)Az. (cm)Ele. (cm)
•••
•••
(mW/cm2)
ISPTA.3
(W/cm2)
ISPPA.3
zsp
Beam dimensions PDPRFEBD
Operating Control Conditions NOTE: \"
Control 1Control 2Control 3•••
•••
\" indicates cells where a numerical value should be provided.
Example 2-3
Acoustic Output Format for Track 1
Autoscanning Mode
System: _____________ Operating Mode: _____________
Transducer Model: _____________ Application(s): _____________
Acoustic Output
Global Maximum Value
pr.3Associated
Acoustic WoParameterf
c
MI
(MPa)(mW)(MHz)(cm)
x-6 (cm)y-6 (cm)(µsec)(Hz)Az. (cm)Ele. (cm)
•••
•••
(mW/cm2)
ISPTA.3
(W/cm2)
ISPPA.3
zsp
Beam dimensions PDPRFEDS
Operating Control Conditions NOTE: \"
Control 1Control 2Control 3•••
•••
\" indicates cells where a numerical value should be provided.
Section 3. Track 3 Recommendations
If you follow the Output Display Standard (AIUM/NEMA 2004a or IEC 2007), FDA considers your device a Track 3 device. Systems that include fetal Doppler applications, except for fetal heart rate monitors, should follow Track 3. Under Track 3, acoustic output will not be evaluated on an application-specific basis, but the global maximum derated ISPTA should be ≤ 720 mW/cm2, and either the global maximum MI should be ≤ 1.9 or the global
maximum derated ISPPA should be ≤ 190 W/cm2. An exception is for ophthalmic use, in which case, the TI = Max(TIS_as, TIC) should be ≤ 1 ; ISPTA.3 ≤ 50 mW/cm2; and MI ≤ 0.23. FDA considers a device with fixed acoustic output to be Track 1, unless Section 3.1.5 applies.
3.1 TRACK 3 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT
The Track 3 approach applies to systems that follow the Output Display Standard. This approach eliminates the application specific comparison of acoustic output to Preamendments exposure levels. 3.1.1 Your submission should include the information described below. a.
For each system/transducer combination, we recommend you specify for each mode (as stated in the
Indications for Use), the target range of values for the ISPTA.3, and the MI or ISPPA.3, and an estimated range of TI’s under the operating conditions that maximize these quantities. A tabular format is desirable; see the example given in Example 3-1.
NOTE: Where system/transducer or transducer/mode combinations have the same design target range for a
b.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，14/20
given output quantity, only a single range can be listed for those combinations. c.d.
A description of how the specification(s) in 3.1.1.a will be met.
The engineering basis for the range of values specified in 3.1.1.a (e.g., preliminary or prototype measurements,
theoretical calculations, estimates based on measurements of previously cleared transducers, or acoustic output exposure levels).
NOTE: If you specify upper bounds that the device will not exceed in place of the target range of values
recommended in 3.1.1.a, you should explain how you addressed the recommendations in 3.1.1.b and 3.1.1.c.
e.
3.1.2 You should indicate: a.b.
that measurements of acoustic output display indices - the Thermal Index (TI) and the Mechanical Index (MI) - will be made following Section 6 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a, or IEC 2005; and that information supplied in the 510(k) will be for global maximum TI and MI values.
3.1.3 You should specify the default setting acoustic output exposure levels (e.g., as a percentage of the maximum levels) and the rationale for selecting these default values. See Section 5 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a or Clause 201.12.4.3 of IEC 2007.
NOTE: A default setting that uses the maximum acoustic output for implementing ALARA is not considered good practice. The reason is that the user must then take action to make the device operate at a potentially safer output, rather than having to take an action to make the situation potentially less safe if the default had been set at a lower output.
3.1.4 You should explain the reason for any Thermal Index that exceeds a value of 6.0.
3.1.5 If no system/transducer combination is capable of exceeding either a TI of 1.0 or an MI of 1.0 in any operating mode, you should submit the global maximum values of the ISPTA.3, TI (TIS, TIB, or TIC), MI, and IPA.3 @ MImax, (see Section 3.2.4). You should also include the details of the calculations in the Design History File.
3.2 TRACK 3 - ACOUSTIC OUTPUT LABELING IN THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL
3.2.1 In the operator’s manual, you should provide global maximum acoustic output values for each possible
system/transducer/mode combination. A tabular format is desirable for this information. Examples of this format are provided in Section 3.3, and also in the AIUM labeling standard (AIUM 2008). The labeling in your 510(k) should contain the acoustic output quantities you plan to include, but not necessarily the values of these quantities. The labeling should also include a description of any symbols used. In addition, the labeling should include the
corresponding operating conditions, and the measurement uncertainties for acoustic quantities (power, pressure, intensities, center frequency).
3.2.2 You should provide an explanation of the real-time display features and controls of the system, including
default settings (see Section 4.2 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a or Clause 201.7 of IEC 2007). You should provide instructions on how to use these features and controls to follow the ALARA principle.
NOTE: If the intended uses include neonatal cephalic, then the provisions of the Output Display Standard are interpreted to mean that all three thermal indices (TIS, TIB, TIC) should be available to be called up by the user,
although all three indices do not have to be displayed simultaneously. In this regard, please see page 39 in the AIUM publication, “Medical Ultrasound Safety” (AIUM 1994).
3.2.3 You should provide the display accuracy (see Section 4.2.1 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a or Clause 201.7.2.101 of IEC 2007).
3.2.4 If no system/transducer combination in a Track 3 device is capable of exceeding either a TI of 1.0 or an MI of 1.0 in any operating mode, you should provide the mean of the global maximum values (when taken over a
number of units), for each transducer, of ISPTA.3, TI (TIS, TIB, or TIC), MI, and IPA.3 @ MI max . See Example 3-2. You should explain the meaning of and describe the uncertainties associated with these values.
Example 3-1
Track 3 Output Range Summary Format
(see 3.1.1.a)
System: _________________ Transducer: _________________
Global Maximum Output Levels (est.)
max ISPTA.3min ISPTA.3
max MI (or ISPPA.3)min MI (or ISPPA.3)max TISmin TISmax TIBmin TIBmax TICmin TIC
Mode of OperationBMPWDCWD
Color Doppler
Combined (Specify)
Other* (Specify)
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，15/20
* Examples of other modes of operation may include: A-mode, Amplitude Doppler, 3-D Imaging, Harmonic Imaging, Tissue Motion Doppler, and Color Velocity Imaging
N.B. The information should be provided separately for each system and transducer.
Example 3-2 TRACK 3 SUMMARY
(for systems with no probes having global maximum index values exceeding 1.0)
(see 3.1.5 and 3.2.4)
System: _________________ Transducer Model
Model AModel BModel C•••
I SPTA.3 •••
TI Type •••
TI Value •••
MI •••
•••
I PA.3@MI max
3.3 TRACK 3 - EXAMPLE ACOUSTIC OUTPUT FORMATS
Example 3-3 shows an example of a tabular format for presenting the transducer/mode combinations for which the global maximum displayed MI or TI is greater than 1.0.
Example 3-3
Track 3 Transducer/Mode Combination Summary Format
System: _________________
Transducer Model
B
M
PWD
CWD
Mode of Operation
Color Doppler
Combined (Specify)
Other* (Specify)
*Examples may include: A-mode, Amplitude Doppler, 3-D Imaging, Harmonic Imaging, Tissue Motion Doppler, Color Velocity Imaging
In Example 3-3, the following mode definitions and conventions apply: M Mode: May include simultaneous B mode.
PW Dop./CW Dop.: In duplex modes, report largest displayed TIS (scanned or non-scanned) if > 1.0.
Color Flow: May include simultaneous Color Flow M-mode, B-mode and M mode. In combined modes, report largest displayed TIS (scanned or non-scanned) if > 1.0.
Combined modes: Need only be reported as a separate mode if the largest formulation of TIS, TIB or TIC (if there is an applicable intended use; e.g., transcranial or neonatal cephalic) is greater than the corresponding value reported for all constituent modes.
If the acoustic output of an “other” mode is the same (within the manufacturer’s stated measurement
uncertainty) as that of a designated standard mode, then one acoustic output description can apply for both modes. However, the acoustic output description should be identified as applying to both modes.
For each of these transducer/mode combinations identified in Example 3-3, we recommend that you provide acoustic output information. This should include global maximum index values, associated acoustic and transducer parameters, and relevant operating control conditions. A tabular format is desirable; see the example given in Example 3-4.
All values that you report should be obtained at the same operating conditions that give rise to the global
maximum Displayed Index Value. These operating conditions should be specified. Measurement uncertainties for acoustic quantities (power, pressure, intensities, center frequency) should be provided. Symbols used in Example 3-4 are described below. MI the Mechanical Index.
TISscan the Soft Tissue Thermal Index in an auto-scanning mode. TISnon-scan the Soft Tissue Thermal Index in a non-autoscanning mode. TIB the Bone Thermal Index. TIC the Cranial Thermal Index.
Aaprt the area of the active aperture (square centimeters).
pr.3 the derated peak rarefactional pressure associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the value reported under MI (megapascals).
Wo the ultrasonic power, except for TIS scan, in which case it is the ultrasonic power passing through a one
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，16/20
centimeter window (milliwatts).
W.3(z1) the derated ultrasonic power at axial distance z1 (milliwatts).
ITA.3(z1) the derated spatial-peak temporal-average intensity at axial distance z1 (milliwatts per square centimeter).
z1 the axial distance corresponding to the location of max[min(W.3(z), ITA.3(z) x 1 cm2)], where z ≥ zbp (centimeters).
zbp 1.69√Aaprt (centimeters).
zsp the axial distance at which TIB is a global maximum (i.e., zsp = zB.3) (centimeters).
z@PII.3max the axial distance corresponding to the maximum of the derated spatial-peak pulse intensity integral (megapascals).
deq(z) the equivalent beam diameter as a function of axial distance z. It is equal to [(4/π)(Wo/ITA(z))]0.5 where ITA(z) is the temporal-average intensity as a function of z (centimeters).
fc the center frequency (MHz). For MI, fc is the center frequency associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the global maximum reported value of MI. For TI, for combined modes involving transmit patterns of unequal center frequency, fc is defined as the overall range of center frequencies of the respective transmit patterns. Dim. of Aaprt the active aperture dimensions for the azimuthal (x) and elevational (y) planes (centimeters).
PD the pulse duration (microseconds) associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the reported value of MI. PRF the pulse repetition frequency associated with the transmit pattern giving rise to the reported value of MI (Hz).
pr@PIImax the peak rarefactional pressure at the point where the free-field, spatial-peak pulse intensity integral is a maximum (megapascals). See Section 6.2.4.1 of the Output Display Standard, entitled \"Measurement Methodology for Mechanical and Thermal Indices\".
deq@PIImax the equivalent beam diameter at the point where the free-field, spatial-peak pulse intensity integral is a maximum (centimeters). See Section 6.2.5.1 of the Output Display Standard, entitled \"Measurement Methodology for Mechanical and Thermal Indices\".
FL the focal length, or azimuthal (x) and elevational (y) lengths, if different (centimeters).
IPA.3@MImax the derated pulse-average intensity at the point of global maximum reported MI (watts per square centimeter).
NOTE: Some of the symbols used in IEC 2007 are different from those above, which are taken from AIUM/NEMA 2004a, AIUM/NEMA 2004b, and AIUM 2008. These differences are tabulated in AIUM 2008. In such cases either symbol is acceptable, but all symbols should be defined in the labeling.
Example 3-4: Track 3 - Acoustic Output Format
Acoustic Output Table for Track 3
(We recommend you include data where global maximum displayed index exceeds 1.0.)
System: _________________________
Transducer Model: _________________ Operating Mode: ________________
Index Label
TIS TIB TIC TIS MI TIS
scannon-scan non-scan non-scan
Aaprt≤1Aaprt>1
(MPa)(mW)
Global Maximum Index ValueAssoc Acoustic Parameter
pr.3Wo
min of[W.3(z1), (mW)ITA.3(z1)]z1(cm)zbpzsp
z@PII.3maxdeq(zsp)fc
Dim of Aaprt
(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)(MHz)X (cm)Y (cm)(µsec)(Hz)(MPa)(cm)
Other
Information
PDPRFpr@PIImaxdeq@PIImaxFocal Length
FLx (cm) FLy (cm)
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，17/20
IPA.3@MImax
Operating Control Conditions NOTE: \"
Control 1Control 2Control 3•••
(W/cm2)
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
\" indicates cells where a numerical value should be provided.
NOTE 1 Data need not be included for more than one of the three situations related to TIS.
NOTE 2 Information need not be provided regarding TIC for any transducer assembly not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic uses.
NOTE 3 Data need not be included for TIS, TIB or TIC if your device meets Section 4.1.2.1 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a or Clause 201.12.4.2a of IEC 2007.
NOTE 4 Data related to MI need not be included if your device meets Section 4.1.2.4 of AIUM/NEMA 2004a or Clause 201.12.4.2b of IEC 2007.
NOTE 5 Example Track 3 Acoustic Output Tables for B-mode, Pulsed Doppler mode, and combined Color Flow/M-mode can be found in AIUM 2008.
3.4 TRACK 3 - EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR THE CLINICAL END USER.
3.4.1 ALARA Education Program
You should provide an ALARA education program for the clinical end-user that covers the subjects listed below.
ALARA is an acronym for the principle of prudent use of diagnostic ultrasound by obtaining the diagnostic information at an output that is As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This education program should include explanations of: a.b.c.d.e.
the basic interaction between ultrasound and matter, the possible biological effects,
the derivation and meaning of the indices,
a recommendation to use and the need to follow the ALARA principle in all studies, and clinical examples of specific applications of the ALARA principle.
You may wish to provide a document published by the AIUM, \"Medical Ultrasound Safety\" (AIUM 1994), to meet the generic content of the educational program. You should also provide information specific to your device regarding ALARA.
3.4.2 Recommended information for Educational Material for Track 3 Devices. 3.4.2.1 Bioeffects and Biophysics of Ultrasound Interactions. You should provide the following:
lllllllll
brief description of ultrasound, diagnostic frequencies, acoustic output exposure levels; brief description of the change in policy that requires user education; short history of ultrasound use and safety record; potential hazards at high output levels;
biological effect mechanisms--thermal, mechanical; exposure-effect studies (range of outputs); risk versus benefit;
present state of output levels--higher than historical levels; and indices as indicators of thermal and mechanical effects.
3.4.2.2 Thermal Mechanisms. You should provide the following:
lllll
description of thermal bioeffects--temperature rise; tissue type (soft, bone, fluid) and relative absorption;
transducer type (frequency, focusing) and relationship to exposure;
attenuation, absorption, and scattering mechanisms in different tissue types; and spatial volume of insonified tissue (at focus, or elsewhere), including:
¡¡¡¡
homogeneity of tissue in insonified volume (effects of layering); soft tissue;
bone tissue (fetal, skull, other); and fluids, gas.
3.4.2.3 Nonthermal Mechanisms.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，18/20
You should provide the following:
ll
description of mechanical effects--cavitation and role of bubbles; factors that produce cavitation, including:
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
pressure (compressional, rarefactional); frequency; beam focusing; pulsed/continuous; standing waves; boundaries; and
type of material and ambient conditions. stable and inertial cavitation; microstreaming; and nucleation sites.
l
types of cavitation, including:
¡¡¡
ll
threshold phenomena for different types of tissues; and
bioeffects data on animals (lung hemorrhage, intestinal hemorrhage)
3.4.2.4 Benefits of Ultrasound vs. Risk. You should provide the following:
lllllll
benefits of use; risk of use;
risk of not using ultrasound;
increase in risk as acoustic output increases;
increase in diagnostic information as acoustic output increases;
increase in responsibility for user at higher acoustic output exposure levels; and the ALARA principle, including:
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
controlling energy; controlling exposure time; controlling scanning technique; controlling system setup; effects of system capabilities;
effects of operating mode (learn to distinguish); and effects of transducer capabilities.
3.4.2.5 The Output Display Indices. You should provide the following:
lll
purpose, e.g., display exposure indices; Mechanical Index (MI); Thermal Index (TI):
¡¡¡¡
soft tissue Thermal Index (TIS); bone Thermal Index (TIB);
cranial bone Thermal Index (TIC); and
thresholds for display of indices (e.g., whether the system can exceed TI or MI of 1.0).
ll
system display levels (e.g., minimum TI displayed, minimum MI displayed, display increments); and explanation of the meaning of the TI and MI, including:
¡¡
threshold bioeffect levels vary depending on tissue type and bioeffect levels vary depending on frequency and pressure
3.4.2.6 Practicing the ALARA Principle. You should address the following:
ll
how to implement ALARA by using the TI and MI indices; effects of system controls on acoustic output:
¡¡
Overall gain and TGC versus increasing output and
Dynamic range and post-processing versus increasing output.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，19/20
l
relationship of system applications to output;
¡
selection of appropriate range for task
l
effect of transducer parameters on output:
¡¡¡¡
frequency; focusing;
pulse length; and
dwell time (scanned versus unscanned). B mode;
Doppler (spectral, color flow, amplitude Doppler); and M mode.
l
effect of system operating modes on output:
¡¡¡
lll
means of controlling exposure time;
whether the device uses the lowest possible output to obtain diagnostic information; and examples of clinical application
Links on this page:
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm070911
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm0001.htm http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM0001 http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#5 http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#6 http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#a http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#b http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#c http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#d http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#e http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#f http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#g http://www.fda.govssLINK/UCM0001#h
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/HowtoMarketYourDevice/PremarketSubmissions/PremarketApprovalPMA/ucm050384.htm
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfStandards/search.cfm
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/Overview/MedicalDeviceProvisionsofFDAModernizationAct/ucm136685.htm
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm084365.htm http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/HowtoMarketYourDevice/PremarketSubmissions/PremarketNotification510k/default.htm
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM080243.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Forms/UCM081667.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm073752.htm http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM0801.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Forms/UCM081667.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Information for Manufacturers Seekin...页码，20/20
24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM073945
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/HowtoMarketYourDevice/PremarketSubmissions/PremarketNotification510k/default.htm
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm080735.htm http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm073773.htm http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm072783.htm http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070286.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM0593.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/Overview/DeviceLabeling/default.htm http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM080268.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/cjd/infection_control_cjd.htm
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocume...2010-4-14
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容
Copyright © 2019- 69lv.com 版权所有 湘ICP备2023021910号-1
违法及侵权请联系：TEL:199 1889 7713 E-MAIL:2724546146@qq.com
本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务